12.4.4.3 Methylmercury Biosynthesis and Diﬀusion into
Cells
205
12.4.5 Toxicity of Mercury
206
12.4.5.1 Eﬀects of Mercury on Algae
206
12.4.5.2 Eﬀects of Mercury on Plants
206
12.4.5.3 Eﬀects of Mercury on Animals
206
12.4.5.4 Eﬀects of Mercury on Human Health
207
12.4.6 Biological Eﬀects of Mercury
209
12.4.7 Mercury and Nutrition
210
12.5 Nickel
210
12.5.1 Introduction
210
12.5.2 Sources of Environmental Nickel Pollution
211
12.5.3 Health Eﬀect of Nickel
211
12.6 Arsenic
213
12.6.1 Occurrence and Properties of Arsenic
213
12.6.2 Uses of Arsenic
214
12.6.3 Sources of Exposure to Arsenic
214
12.6.4 Human Exposure to Arsenic
215
12.6.5 Animal Exposure to Arsenic
215
12.6.6 Distribution of Arsenic in the Body
216
12.6.7 Toxicity of Arsenic
216
12.6.7.1 Toxicity to Plants
216
12.6.7.2 Toxicity of Arsenic to Animals and Humans
216
12.6.8 Biological Eﬀects of Arsenic
218
12.7 References
220
12.8 Review Questions
224
CHAPTER 13 PESTICIDES AND RELATED MATERIALS 227
13.1 Introduction
227
13.2 Insecticides
227
13.2.1 Introduction
227
13.2.2 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
228
13.2.2.1 Introduction
228
13.2.2.2 DDT
228
13.2.3 Organophosphorus Compounds
232
13.2.3.1 Introduction
232
13.2.3.2 Toxicity of Organophosphorus Compounds
233
13.2.3.3 Action of Acetylcholinesterase and
Organophosphates
234
13.2.4 Carbamates
235
13.3 Herbicides
236
13.4 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
238
13.4.1 Introduction
238
13.4.2 Properties of PCBs
239
13.4.3 Uses of PCBs
239
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