CHAPTER 15 MUTAGENIC POLLUTANTS
269
15.1 Introduction
269
15.2 Types of Mutation
270
15.2.1 Chromosomal Aberrations
270
15.2.2 Gene Mutations
271
15.3 Effect of Mutations
271
15.4 Induction of Mutation
272
15.4.1 UV Light
272
15.4.2 Ionizing Radiations
273
15.4.3 Chemical Mutagens
274
15.4.3.1 Alkylating Agents
274
15.4.3.2 Intercalating Agents
275
15.4.3.3 Metals
275
15.5 References
277
15.6 Review Questions
278
CHAPTER 16 ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER
279
16.1 Introduction
279
16.2 Causes of Cancer
279
16.3 Stages in the Development of Cancer
281
16.4 Metastasis
283
16.5 Classification of Carcinogens
283
16.5.1 Radiation
283
16.5.2 Chemical Carcinogens
284
16.6 Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens
285
16.6.1 Free Radicals
285
16.6.2 DDT
286
16.6.3 Vinyl Chloride
287
16.6.4 Alkylating Agents
287
16.6.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
289
16.6.5.1 Benzo[a]pyrene
289
16.6.6 Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
290
16.7 DNA Repair
292
16.8 References
292
16.9 Review Questions
294
CHAPTER 17 ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
295
17.1 Introduction
295
17.2 Basic Components of Risk Assessment
296
17.3 Use of Ecological Risk Assessment
296
17.4 Importance of Ecological Risk Assessment
297
17.5 Frameworks for Ecological Risk Assessment
298
17.5.1 Problem Formulation
298
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Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Prelims Page: xxii 4-24