CHAPTER 6 BIOTRANSFORMATION – METABOLISM
OF XENOBIOTICS
85
6.1 Introduction
85
6.2 Types of Biotransformation
85
6.3 Mechanism of Biotransformation
88
6.4 Characteristics of Biotransformation
89
6.5 Consequence of Biotransformation
90
6.5.1 Biotransformation of Endogenous Substances
90
6.5.2 Activation of Xenobiotics
91
6.6 Factors Affecting Biotransformation
93
6.7 Characteristics of the Cytochrome P450s
95
6.7.1 Induction
95
6.7.2 Genetic Polymorphisms
96
6.8 References
96
6.9 Review Questions
97
CHAPTER 7 DEFENSE RESPONSES TO TOXICANTS
99
7.1 Introduction
99
7.2 Responses of Humans and Animals
99
7.2.1 The Respiratory Tract
99
7.2.1.1 Nasopharynx
100
7.2.1.2 Tracheobronchial Areas
100
7.2.1.3 Alveoli
101
7.2.2 Gastrointestinal Tract
103
7.2.3 Membranes
104
7.2.4 Liver
105
7.2.5 Kidneys
105
7.3 Responses of Plants
108
7.4 References
109
7.5 Review Questions
109
CHAPTER 8 AIR POLLUTION – INORGANIC GASES
111
8.1 Introduction
111
8.2 Sulfur Dioxide
111
8.2.1 Sources of SO 2
111
8.2.2 Characteristics of SO 2
112
8.2.3 Effects on Plants
112
8.2.4 Effects on Animals
115
8.2.5 Health Effects
116
8.3 Nitrogen Dioxide
117
8.3.1 Forms and Formation of Nitrogen Oxides
117
8.3.2 Major Reactive N Species in the Troposphere
118
8.3.3 Effects on Plants
118
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Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Prelims Page: xvi 4-24