4.4.4 Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence of a Pollutant 57
4.4.4.1 Allergic Response to Pollen
57
4.4.4.2 Carbon Tetrachloride
58
4.4.4.3 Chelation
58
4.4.4.4 Metal Shift
59
4.4.5 Free-Radical-Mediated Reactions
59
4.4.6 Endocrine Disruption
60
4.5 References
62
4.6 Review Questions
63
CHAPTER 5 FACTORS AFFECTING XENOBIOTIC
ACTION
65
5.1 Introduction
65
5.2 Physicochemical Properties
65
5.3 Dose or Concentration
65
5.4 Duration and Mode of Exposure
66
5.5 Environmental Factors
67
5.5.1 Temperature
67
5.5.2 pH
67
5.5.3 Humidity
68
5.6 Interaction
68
5.6.1 Synergism, Additive and Potentiation
68
5.6.2 Antagonism
69
5.7 Biological Factors
70
5.7.1 Plants
70
5.7.2 Animals and Humans
70
5.7.2.1 Genetic Factors
70
5.7.2.2 Developmental Factors
71
5.7.2.3 Diseases
71
5.7.2.4 Behavioral Factors
71
5.7.2.5 Gender
72
5.8 Nutritional Factors
72
5.8.1 Introduction
72
5.8.2 Fasting and Starvation
73
5.8.3 Proteins
73
5.8.4 Carbohydrates
75
5.8.5 Lipids
75
5.8.6 Vitamin A
76
5.8.7 Vitamin D
77
5.8.8 Vitamin E (a-tocopherol)
77
5.8.9 Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
78
5.8.10 Minerals
80
5.9 References
81
5.10 Review Questions
83
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Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Prelims Page: xv 4-24