3.5 Intoxication of Animals
34
3.6 Injuries to Humans
35
3.7 Acute and Chronic Effects
36
3.7.1 Introduction
36
3.7.2 Acute Effects
36
3.7.2.1 Meuse Valley, Belgium, 1930
36
3.7.2.2 Donora, Pennsylvania, U.S., 1948
37
3.7.2.3 Poza Rica, Mexico, 1950
37
3.7.2.4 London, England, 1952
37
3.7.2.5 New York, U.S., 1953
37
3.7.2.6 Los Angeles, California, U.S., 1954
37
3.7.2.7 New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S., 1955
38
3.7.2.8 Worldwide Episode, 1962
38
3.7.2.9 Tokyo, Japan, 1970
38
3.7.2.10 Bhopal, India, 1984
39
3.7.2.11 Chernobyl, USSR, 1986
39
3.7.2.12 Prince William Sound, Alaska, U.S., 1989
41
3.7.2.13 Gas Well Accident, Gaoqiao, China, 2003
41
3.7.3 Chronic Effects
42
3.8 References
43
3.9 Review Questions
43
CHAPTER 4 TOXIC ACTION OF POLLUTANTS
45
4.1 Introduction
45
4.2 Plants
45
4.2.1 Sources of Pollution
45
4.2.2 Pollutant Uptake
45
4.2.3 Transport
47
4.2.4 Plant Injury
47
4.3 Mammalian Organisms
49
4.3.1 Exposure
49
4.3.2 Uptake
49
4.3.3 Transport
50
4.3.4 Storage
51
4.3.5 Metabolism
51
4.3.6 Excretion
51
4.4 Mechanism of Action
52
4.4.1 Disruption or Destruction of Cellular Structure
52
4.4.2 Chemical Combination with a Cell Constituent
53
4.4.3 Effect on Enzymes
53
4.4.3.1 Enzyme Inhibition by Inactivation of Cofactor
54
4.4.3.2 Enzyme Inhibition by Competition with Cofactor
55
4.4.3.3 Enzyme Inhibition by Binding to the Active Site
56
4.4.3.4 Enzyme Activity Depression by Toxic Metabolite
56
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Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Prelims Page: xiv 4-24