The half-life of HbCO is estimated to be 4 hours at rest at room air, and it is
shortened to 60 to 90 minutes if 100% oxygen is given using a facemask. In
addition to its association with Hb in red blood cells, CO binds to other
proteins in the body, such as myoglobin, cytochrome c oxidase, and
cytochrome P450, thereby impairing their action. CO also inhibits alveolar
macrophage function, weakening tissue defenses against airborne bacterial
infection.
8.6 REFERENCES
1. Kellogg, W.W. et al., The sulfur cycle, Science 175, 587, 1972.
2. Fox, D.L., The transformation of pollutants, in Stern, A.C., Ed., Air Pollution,
3rd ed. vol. VI, Academic Press, New York, 1986, p.86.
3. Chameides, W.L. and Davis, D.D., Chemistry in the troposphere, C&EN, Oct.
4, 1982, 38.
4. Sheu, B.-H., Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth, photosynthesis and enzyme
activities of Chinese Guger-Tree seedlings, Environ. Poll., 86, 349, 1994.
5. Plesnicar, M., Study of sulfur dioxide effects on phosphorus metabolism in
plants using
32 P as an indicator, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 34, 833, 1983.
6. Carsed, S.G., SO 2 uptake and transport, in Winner, W.E. et al., Eds., Sulfur
Dioxide and Vegetation. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1985, 88.
7. Lauenroth, W.K. and Dodd, J.L., Chlorophyll reduction in western wheatgrass
(Agropyron smithii Rydb.) exposed to sulfur dioxide, Water Air Soil Pollut., 15,
309, 1981.
8. Koziol, M.J. and Jordon, C.F., Changes in carbohydrate levels in red kidney
bean (Phasedus vulgaris L.) exposed to sulfur dioxide, J. Exp. Bot., 29, 1037,
1978.
9. Malhotra, S.S. and Khan, A.A., Effects of sulfur dioxide fumigation on lipid
biosynthesis in pine needles, Phytochem., 17, 241, 1978.
10. Alarie, Y. et al., Long-term continuous exposure of guinea pigs to sulfur
dioxide, Arch. Environ. Health, 21, 769, 1970.
11. Alarie, Y. et al., Long-term continuous exposure of guinea pigs to sulfur
dioxide, Environ. Health, 27, 251, 1973.
12. Giddens, W.E. Jr. and Fairchild, G.A., Effects of sulfur dioxide on the nasal
mucosa of mice. Arch. Environ. Health, 25, 166, 1972.
13. Amdur, M.O., Dubriel, M. and Creasia, D., Respiratory response of guinea
pigs to low levels of sulfuric acid, Environ. Res., 15, 418, 1978.
14. Schlesinger, R.B., Naumann, B.D. and Chen, L.C., Physiological and
histological alterations in the bronchial mucociliary clearance system of rabbits
following intermittent oral or nasal inhalation of sulfuric acid mist, J. Toxicol.
Environ. Health, 12, 441, 1983.
15. Amdur, M.O., Silverman, L. and Drinker, P., Inhalation of H 2 SO 4 mist by
human subjects, Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med., 6, 305, 1952.
16. Horstman, D.H. J. et al., The relationship between exposure duration and
sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects, Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 49, 38, 1988.
Air Pollution – Inorganic Gases
131
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shortened to 60 to 90 minutes if 100% oxygen is given using a facemask. In
addition to its association with Hb in red blood cells, CO binds to other
proteins in the body, such as myoglobin, cytochrome c oxidase, and
cytochrome P450, thereby impairing their action. CO also inhibits alveolar
macrophage function, weakening tissue defenses against airborne bacterial
infection.
8.6 REFERENCES
1. Kellogg, W.W. et al., The sulfur cycle, Science 175, 587, 1972.
2. Fox, D.L., The transformation of pollutants, in Stern, A.C., Ed., Air Pollution,
3rd ed. vol. VI, Academic Press, New York, 1986, p.86.
3. Chameides, W.L. and Davis, D.D., Chemistry in the troposphere, C&EN, Oct.
4, 1982, 38.
4. Sheu, B.-H., Effects of sulfur dioxide on growth, photosynthesis and enzyme
activities of Chinese Guger-Tree seedlings, Environ. Poll., 86, 349, 1994.
5. Plesnicar, M., Study of sulfur dioxide effects on phosphorus metabolism in
plants using
32 P as an indicator, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 34, 833, 1983.
6. Carsed, S.G., SO 2 uptake and transport, in Winner, W.E. et al., Eds., Sulfur
Dioxide and Vegetation. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1985, 88.
7. Lauenroth, W.K. and Dodd, J.L., Chlorophyll reduction in western wheatgrass
(Agropyron smithii Rydb.) exposed to sulfur dioxide, Water Air Soil Pollut., 15,
309, 1981.
8. Koziol, M.J. and Jordon, C.F., Changes in carbohydrate levels in red kidney
bean (Phasedus vulgaris L.) exposed to sulfur dioxide, J. Exp. Bot., 29, 1037,
1978.
9. Malhotra, S.S. and Khan, A.A., Effects of sulfur dioxide fumigation on lipid
biosynthesis in pine needles, Phytochem., 17, 241, 1978.
10. Alarie, Y. et al., Long-term continuous exposure of guinea pigs to sulfur
dioxide, Arch. Environ. Health, 21, 769, 1970.
11. Alarie, Y. et al., Long-term continuous exposure of guinea pigs to sulfur
dioxide, Environ. Health, 27, 251, 1973.
12. Giddens, W.E. Jr. and Fairchild, G.A., Effects of sulfur dioxide on the nasal
mucosa of mice. Arch. Environ. Health, 25, 166, 1972.
13. Amdur, M.O., Dubriel, M. and Creasia, D., Respiratory response of guinea
pigs to low levels of sulfuric acid, Environ. Res., 15, 418, 1978.
14. Schlesinger, R.B., Naumann, B.D. and Chen, L.C., Physiological and
histological alterations in the bronchial mucociliary clearance system of rabbits
following intermittent oral or nasal inhalation of sulfuric acid mist, J. Toxicol.
Environ. Health, 12, 441, 1983.
15. Amdur, M.O., Silverman, L. and Drinker, P., Inhalation of H 2 SO 4 mist by
human subjects, Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med., 6, 305, 1952.
16. Horstman, D.H. J. et al., The relationship between exposure duration and
sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects, Am. Ind.
Hyg. Assoc. J., 49, 38, 1988.
Air Pollution – Inorganic Gases
131
[16:53 26/8/04 P:/CRC PRESS/4365 MING-HO.751 (1670)/4365-008.3d]
Ref: 4365 MING-HO YU Chap-008 Page: 131 111-134