560
R. W. Kessler and W. Kessler
The “hierarchy levels” are indicated on the right horizontal axis and are defined
by the international series of standards for enterprise IT and control systems IEC
62264. These hierarchy levels represent the different functionalities within factories
or plants.
The left horizontal axis represents the “Life Cycle & Value Stream” axis, which
describes the life cycle of plants and products, based on IEC 62890 for life cycle
management.
The “Layers” axis is the vertical axis and has six layers. They are used to describe
the properties of a machine layer by layer in a structured way and are thus creating
a virtual image of a machine.
In this way, RAMI 4.0 offers a common understanding for standards and use cases.
This will significantly change the structure and integration of PAT tools within the
factory.
23.2.3 Communication Between Cyber-Physical PAT
Systems: Connected, Multimodal, Decentralized,
and Secured
OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) is a machine-to-machine communication
protocol for industrial automation developed by the OPC Foundation [21–23]. The
next steps to be taken within this framework are summarized in [1, 25]:
• Identification: This is a necessary prerequisite for things to find their own way to
each other within the networked production.
• Semantics: For communication between machines or between machines and
workpieces, a manufacturer-independent data exchange is necessary.
• Quality of Service (QoS) for Industry 4.0 or IIoT components: Critical services
such as time synchronization, real-time capability, and reliability of Industry
4.0/IIoT components must be defined.
• Communication within Industry 4.0/IIoT: There is a multitude of communication
links and protocols. The most common examples are field buses based on Ethernet
or OPC UA, a protocol for machine-to-machine communication.
The physical Cyber-PAT systems (CPS-PAT) are introduced in three phases [1,
21]. The first generation of CPS includes identification technologies such as RFID
tags, which enable unique identification. Storage and analysis must be provided as a
central service. The second generation of CPS is equipped with sensors and actuators
with a limited range of functions. Third generation CPS can store and analyze data,
are equipped with several sensors and actuators, and are network compatible.
The role of PAT sensors in all these concepts is therefore to develop and integrate
context-sensitive information to promote understanding of the process at the basic
mechanistic (molecular) level, thus enabling knowledge-based production in the
future [1, 15].
R. W. Kessler and W. Kessler
The “hierarchy levels” are indicated on the right horizontal axis and are defined
by the international series of standards for enterprise IT and control systems IEC
62264. These hierarchy levels represent the different functionalities within factories
or plants.
The left horizontal axis represents the “Life Cycle & Value Stream” axis, which
describes the life cycle of plants and products, based on IEC 62890 for life cycle
management.
The “Layers” axis is the vertical axis and has six layers. They are used to describe
the properties of a machine layer by layer in a structured way and are thus creating
a virtual image of a machine.
In this way, RAMI 4.0 offers a common understanding for standards and use cases.
This will significantly change the structure and integration of PAT tools within the
factory.
23.2.3 Communication Between Cyber-Physical PAT
Systems: Connected, Multimodal, Decentralized,
and Secured
OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) is a machine-to-machine communication
protocol for industrial automation developed by the OPC Foundation [21–23]. The
next steps to be taken within this framework are summarized in [1, 25]:
• Identification: This is a necessary prerequisite for things to find their own way to
each other within the networked production.
• Semantics: For communication between machines or between machines and
workpieces, a manufacturer-independent data exchange is necessary.
• Quality of Service (QoS) for Industry 4.0 or IIoT components: Critical services
such as time synchronization, real-time capability, and reliability of Industry
4.0/IIoT components must be defined.
• Communication within Industry 4.0/IIoT: There is a multitude of communication
links and protocols. The most common examples are field buses based on Ethernet
or OPC UA, a protocol for machine-to-machine communication.
The physical Cyber-PAT systems (CPS-PAT) are introduced in three phases [1,
21]. The first generation of CPS includes identification technologies such as RFID
tags, which enable unique identification. Storage and analysis must be provided as a
central service. The second generation of CPS is equipped with sensors and actuators
with a limited range of functions. Third generation CPS can store and analyze data,
are equipped with several sensors and actuators, and are network compatible.
The role of PAT sensors in all these concepts is therefore to develop and integrate
context-sensitive information to promote understanding of the process at the basic
mechanistic (molecular) level, thus enabling knowledge-based production in the
future [1, 15].