556
R. W. Kessler and W. Kessler
morphological structure, e.g., by milling the sample, will lead to a change in the spectral signature through (Mie-) backscattering and thus will modify the chemometric
model.
23.1.2.2 Taxonomy of Process Analyzers
Offline analysis always exerts significant lag times between recognizing and counteracting against irregularities. The advantage of offline analytics is that expert knowledge is available. With atline measurements, the sample is withdrawn from the
process flow and analyzed with analytical equipment that is located in the immediate
environment of the industrial equipment. Hence, the reaction time for countermeasures is already significantly reduced. Due to the industrial proximity, it is often
observed that atline analytical equipment is more robust and insensitive towards
process environment but less sensitive or precise than laboratory-only devices [4].
In the case of online measurements, samples are not completely removed from
the process flow but temporarily separated, for example, via a by-pass system which
transports the sample directly through the online measurement device. Thus, the
sample is analyzed in immediate proximity to the industrial machining and is afterwards either reunited with the process stream or ejected. The major advantage of
this procedure is that the sample can be conditioned, e.g., filtered and measured at a
constant temperature [4].
When inline devices are used, the sensor is directly immersed into the process
flow and prevails in direct contact with the unmodified material flow. Sometimes the
sensors are placed in front of a window to measure non-invasive. Inline measurements
are sometimes also called insitu measurements [4, 9].
Figure 23.2 illustrates various sampling modes realized with inline, online, atline
and offline sampling.
23.2 Future Concepts in the Process and Manufacturing
Industry: Industrie 4.0, Industrial Internet of Things,
and Their Impact on PAT Sensors
23.2.1 Concepts for the Next Generation of Production
Systems
Process analytical technology (PAT) enables the implementation of quality by design
(QbD) in industrial reality [1, 9–13]. The basic idea behind the use of spectroscopic
sensors is to gain process understanding at the molecular level, which together with
continuous process improvement should lead to a possible real-time release (RTL) of
the product. This requires the identification of the critical process parameters (CPP)
together with the critical control points (CCP). In addition, the final products and
R. W. Kessler and W. Kessler
morphological structure, e.g., by milling the sample, will lead to a change in the spectral signature through (Mie-) backscattering and thus will modify the chemometric
model.
23.1.2.2 Taxonomy of Process Analyzers
Offline analysis always exerts significant lag times between recognizing and counteracting against irregularities. The advantage of offline analytics is that expert knowledge is available. With atline measurements, the sample is withdrawn from the
process flow and analyzed with analytical equipment that is located in the immediate
environment of the industrial equipment. Hence, the reaction time for countermeasures is already significantly reduced. Due to the industrial proximity, it is often
observed that atline analytical equipment is more robust and insensitive towards
process environment but less sensitive or precise than laboratory-only devices [4].
In the case of online measurements, samples are not completely removed from
the process flow but temporarily separated, for example, via a by-pass system which
transports the sample directly through the online measurement device. Thus, the
sample is analyzed in immediate proximity to the industrial machining and is afterwards either reunited with the process stream or ejected. The major advantage of
this procedure is that the sample can be conditioned, e.g., filtered and measured at a
constant temperature [4].
When inline devices are used, the sensor is directly immersed into the process
flow and prevails in direct contact with the unmodified material flow. Sometimes the
sensors are placed in front of a window to measure non-invasive. Inline measurements
are sometimes also called insitu measurements [4, 9].
Figure 23.2 illustrates various sampling modes realized with inline, online, atline
and offline sampling.
23.2 Future Concepts in the Process and Manufacturing
Industry: Industrie 4.0, Industrial Internet of Things,
and Their Impact on PAT Sensors
23.2.1 Concepts for the Next Generation of Production
Systems
Process analytical technology (PAT) enables the implementation of quality by design
(QbD) in industrial reality [1, 9–13]. The basic idea behind the use of spectroscopic
sensors is to gain process understanding at the molecular level, which together with
continuous process improvement should lead to a possible real-time release (RTL) of
the product. This requires the identification of the critical process parameters (CPP)
together with the critical control points (CCP). In addition, the final products and