424
C. W. Huck
spectroscopy is effective in assessing hemodynamic signals accompanying stimulated saliva secretion [17]. NIR spectroscopy appears to be a promising tool for
investigation of saliva and processes accompanying swallowing, as this research
lane is continuously explored. For instance, recently, Kober and Wood compared the
hemodynamic response observed during swallowing of water or saliva using NIR
spectroscopy [18]. Relative concentration changes were evidenced in oxygenated
and deoxygenated hemoglobin during swallowing. NIR spectroscopy demonstrated
high sensitivity to topographical distribution and time course of the hemodynamic
response between distinct swallowing tasks. The authors concluded that this approach
shows potential for application in diagnostic practice and in supporting therapy for
swallowing difficulties [18]. Further examples of the potential that NIR spectroscopy
bears in analysis of body fluids are provided in the chapter discussing medicinal
applications.
19.6 Tissue Analysis
Tissue analysis is one of the major applications fields of spectroscopy in biomedical sciences. This topic is exhaustively discussed in another chapter of this book
that discusses medicinal applications; therefore, only basic information is presented
here. For tissue analysis, NIR spectroscopy should be partitioned according to shortwave (SW; 750–1100 nm) and long-wave (LW; 1100–2500 nm) NIR wavelength
intervals. At short NIR wavelengths, the hem proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin and
oxy-derivatives) and cytochrome of the tissue dominate the spectra and provide information concerning tissue blood flow, oxygen saturation and consumption, and the
redox status of the enzymes. In the LW-NIR region, the observed absorptions are
caused by combinations and overtones of vibrations involving hydrogen-containing
molecular substructures. Valuable information concerning the chemical composition
of the tissue with its main components of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and water
can be gathered from LW-NIR region.
Most of the NIR investigations dealing with human tissues were on breast cancer.
Quantitative chemical information from breast tissue based on oxy-hemoglobin and
deoxy-hemoglobin, water and lipids has been reported [19]. From these parameters, total hemoglobin concentration and tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation were
calculated and are expected to provide information on tumor angiogenesis and
hyper-metabolism.
19.7 Hemodialysis Analysis
Henn et al. described how hemodialysis monitoring can be performed using MIR and
NIR spectroscopy with PLSR as the data analytical algorithm [20]. The study aimed
to evaluate the feasibility of both techniques and compares their performances. Blood
C. W. Huck
spectroscopy is effective in assessing hemodynamic signals accompanying stimulated saliva secretion [17]. NIR spectroscopy appears to be a promising tool for
investigation of saliva and processes accompanying swallowing, as this research
lane is continuously explored. For instance, recently, Kober and Wood compared the
hemodynamic response observed during swallowing of water or saliva using NIR
spectroscopy [18]. Relative concentration changes were evidenced in oxygenated
and deoxygenated hemoglobin during swallowing. NIR spectroscopy demonstrated
high sensitivity to topographical distribution and time course of the hemodynamic
response between distinct swallowing tasks. The authors concluded that this approach
shows potential for application in diagnostic practice and in supporting therapy for
swallowing difficulties [18]. Further examples of the potential that NIR spectroscopy
bears in analysis of body fluids are provided in the chapter discussing medicinal
applications.
19.6 Tissue Analysis
Tissue analysis is one of the major applications fields of spectroscopy in biomedical sciences. This topic is exhaustively discussed in another chapter of this book
that discusses medicinal applications; therefore, only basic information is presented
here. For tissue analysis, NIR spectroscopy should be partitioned according to shortwave (SW; 750–1100 nm) and long-wave (LW; 1100–2500 nm) NIR wavelength
intervals. At short NIR wavelengths, the hem proteins (hemoglobin, myoglobin and
oxy-derivatives) and cytochrome of the tissue dominate the spectra and provide information concerning tissue blood flow, oxygen saturation and consumption, and the
redox status of the enzymes. In the LW-NIR region, the observed absorptions are
caused by combinations and overtones of vibrations involving hydrogen-containing
molecular substructures. Valuable information concerning the chemical composition
of the tissue with its main components of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and water
can be gathered from LW-NIR region.
Most of the NIR investigations dealing with human tissues were on breast cancer.
Quantitative chemical information from breast tissue based on oxy-hemoglobin and
deoxy-hemoglobin, water and lipids has been reported [19]. From these parameters, total hemoglobin concentration and tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation were
calculated and are expected to provide information on tumor angiogenesis and
hyper-metabolism.
19.7 Hemodialysis Analysis
Henn et al. described how hemodialysis monitoring can be performed using MIR and
NIR spectroscopy with PLSR as the data analytical algorithm [20]. The study aimed
to evaluate the feasibility of both techniques and compares their performances. Blood