19 Bio-applications of NIR Spectroscopy
419
prepared from either Hypericum perforatum or Hypericium hirsutum originating
from China [6]. It has been demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy is capable of discriminating between different plant species, varieties as well as cultivars, plant grown in
different conditions or locations. For example, a rapid and accurate discrimination
of Chrysanthemum varieties using NIR hyperspectral imaging technique (for further
details of this technique, reader is referred to the chapter discussing NIR hyperspectral
imaging) operating in 11,442–5767 cm
−1 region (874–1734 nm) was demonstrated
by Wu et al. [7]. The examination of the spectral images obtained from 11,038
samples was carried out by means of deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).
The study indicated that NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with DCNN is a
potent tool for rapid and accurate discrimination of plant varieties. These accomplishments may advance the qualitative analysis useful for producers, consumers
and market regulators. Analysis of chemical compositions and various other properties of plants is often the main aim of various applications in agro-food sector.
For further information, reader is referred to the chapters focused on this field of
application.
19.3 Cell Analysis
IR and Raman spectroscopy have become greatly matured techniques in medical
diagnosis of tissues, with prime importance for carcinoma diagnosis. In this field,
NIR spectroscopy is still under development, with recent few years marking its
significant progress in these applications. For example, its applicability to characterizing breast cancer cells was studied. The behavior of gold nanorods (AuNRs) in
metastatic breast cancer cells was investigated by Zhang et al. [8]. The study used
absorption spectroscopy in a broad ultraviolet–visible-NIR (UV-Vis-NIR) region
(25,000–10,000 cm
−1 ; 400–1000 nm). That case serves an interesting example of
how electronic absorption bands that extend to NIR region can be investigated in
practical bio-applications (Fig. 19.4). UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy was
employed in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dark-field microscopic observation as reference methodologies for examination of the positively charged AuNRs in
the highly metastatic tumor cell line MDA-MB-231. Absorption spectra of AuNRs in
the living cells were acquired in that study; Fig. 19.4b presents the effects of serum on
absorption spectra of AuNRs dispersed in SCM. It was described that characteristic
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AuNRs can be detected using spectroscopic method with living cells that have taken up the nanorods. The peak area of
transverse SPR band was shown to be proportionally related to the amount of AuNRs
in the cells determined with ICP-MS. The established spectroscopic analysis method
can be used to monitor the behaviors of AuNR. Zhang et al. have demonstrated how
successful monitoring the behaviors of AuNRs in the cells can be accomplished
through an easy-tu-use UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopic method [8].
419
prepared from either Hypericum perforatum or Hypericium hirsutum originating
from China [6]. It has been demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy is capable of discriminating between different plant species, varieties as well as cultivars, plant grown in
different conditions or locations. For example, a rapid and accurate discrimination
of Chrysanthemum varieties using NIR hyperspectral imaging technique (for further
details of this technique, reader is referred to the chapter discussing NIR hyperspectral
imaging) operating in 11,442–5767 cm
−1 region (874–1734 nm) was demonstrated
by Wu et al. [7]. The examination of the spectral images obtained from 11,038
samples was carried out by means of deep convolutional neural network (DCNN).
The study indicated that NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with DCNN is a
potent tool for rapid and accurate discrimination of plant varieties. These accomplishments may advance the qualitative analysis useful for producers, consumers
and market regulators. Analysis of chemical compositions and various other properties of plants is often the main aim of various applications in agro-food sector.
For further information, reader is referred to the chapters focused on this field of
application.
19.3 Cell Analysis
IR and Raman spectroscopy have become greatly matured techniques in medical
diagnosis of tissues, with prime importance for carcinoma diagnosis. In this field,
NIR spectroscopy is still under development, with recent few years marking its
significant progress in these applications. For example, its applicability to characterizing breast cancer cells was studied. The behavior of gold nanorods (AuNRs) in
metastatic breast cancer cells was investigated by Zhang et al. [8]. The study used
absorption spectroscopy in a broad ultraviolet–visible-NIR (UV-Vis-NIR) region
(25,000–10,000 cm
−1 ; 400–1000 nm). That case serves an interesting example of
how electronic absorption bands that extend to NIR region can be investigated in
practical bio-applications (Fig. 19.4). UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy was
employed in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dark-field microscopic observation as reference methodologies for examination of the positively charged AuNRs in
the highly metastatic tumor cell line MDA-MB-231. Absorption spectra of AuNRs in
the living cells were acquired in that study; Fig. 19.4b presents the effects of serum on
absorption spectra of AuNRs dispersed in SCM. It was described that characteristic
surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AuNRs can be detected using spectroscopic method with living cells that have taken up the nanorods. The peak area of
transverse SPR band was shown to be proportionally related to the amount of AuNRs
in the cells determined with ICP-MS. The established spectroscopic analysis method
can be used to monitor the behaviors of AuNR. Zhang et al. have demonstrated how
successful monitoring the behaviors of AuNRs in the cells can be accomplished
through an easy-tu-use UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopic method [8].