16 Wooden Material and Environmental Sciences
371
map the predicted modulus of elasticity (MOE) values. The results of MOE mapping
could distinguish between a sound knot and a dead knot [51].
16.3 Soil
Soil is important to humans and all living things on the earth because it produces
food, fiber, and energy. The ability of the soil to support these functions depends on its
biological, chemical, and physical properties. NIRS for soil analysis started later than
agricultural research. However, this research field has experienced a boom over the
past couple of decades. NIRS can be used to estimate important properties in soil like
salinity, moisture, total carbon, organic carbon, total N, or clay minerals. The assigned
bands due to clay minerals (kaolin doublet, smectite, illite, carbonate) and organics
(aromatics, amine, alkyl asymmetric–symmetric doublet, carboxylic acids, amides,
aliphatics, methyls, phenolics, polysaccharides, carbohydrates) were summarized
by Rossel et al. [52]. For the quantifications of soil parameters, visible (VIS) region
spectra have been generally measured with NIR region. The light absorption by soil
organic matter in the visible region is wide but more clear [53]. There are various
reports suggesting that VIS–NIR is superior to built accurate calibration for organic
matter than NIR alone [54]. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important property of
soil quality that affects the type of organic compounds in the soil and the physical
properties of the soil, therefore frequently estimated by VIS–NIR calibrations. The
prediction results reported until 2010, summarized by Stenberg et al. [55], showed
that the RMSEP for the prediction of SOC or total C was in the range of 2.5–
9.0 mg g
−1 . The variation of R
2 and RMSEP is due to the soil types, soil classes, and
range of concentrations. Properties of which the calibration is reported are moisture,
clay minerals, texture, pH, plant nutrients, and contaminant (i.e., heavy metals). Some
metals, which are not absorbed by NIR light, can be detected because of covariation
with spectrally active components.
16.4 Sediment
The nondestructiveness and rapidity of NIRS are particularly advantageous for
the measurement of lake sediments and marine sediments. Lake sediments are
derived from autochthonous production, substances derived from the lake itself, or
allochthonous material (basin or aerial) and provide information about the region
and its environmental history. Sediment is formed continuously in all lakes, and its
composition depends on the biogeochemistry of the lake and the chemistry of the
basin. Thus, lake sediments reflect the lake’s average biogeochemistry, allowing integrated measurements of lake chemistry variables estimated based on sediment characteristics. Sediments have not only large spatial and temporal variations in physical
and chemical properties but also show elemental flow between this compartment,
371
map the predicted modulus of elasticity (MOE) values. The results of MOE mapping
could distinguish between a sound knot and a dead knot [51].
16.3 Soil
Soil is important to humans and all living things on the earth because it produces
food, fiber, and energy. The ability of the soil to support these functions depends on its
biological, chemical, and physical properties. NIRS for soil analysis started later than
agricultural research. However, this research field has experienced a boom over the
past couple of decades. NIRS can be used to estimate important properties in soil like
salinity, moisture, total carbon, organic carbon, total N, or clay minerals. The assigned
bands due to clay minerals (kaolin doublet, smectite, illite, carbonate) and organics
(aromatics, amine, alkyl asymmetric–symmetric doublet, carboxylic acids, amides,
aliphatics, methyls, phenolics, polysaccharides, carbohydrates) were summarized
by Rossel et al. [52]. For the quantifications of soil parameters, visible (VIS) region
spectra have been generally measured with NIR region. The light absorption by soil
organic matter in the visible region is wide but more clear [53]. There are various
reports suggesting that VIS–NIR is superior to built accurate calibration for organic
matter than NIR alone [54]. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important property of
soil quality that affects the type of organic compounds in the soil and the physical
properties of the soil, therefore frequently estimated by VIS–NIR calibrations. The
prediction results reported until 2010, summarized by Stenberg et al. [55], showed
that the RMSEP for the prediction of SOC or total C was in the range of 2.5–
9.0 mg g
−1 . The variation of R
2 and RMSEP is due to the soil types, soil classes, and
range of concentrations. Properties of which the calibration is reported are moisture,
clay minerals, texture, pH, plant nutrients, and contaminant (i.e., heavy metals). Some
metals, which are not absorbed by NIR light, can be detected because of covariation
with spectrally active components.
16.4 Sediment
The nondestructiveness and rapidity of NIRS are particularly advantageous for
the measurement of lake sediments and marine sediments. Lake sediments are
derived from autochthonous production, substances derived from the lake itself, or
allochthonous material (basin or aerial) and provide information about the region
and its environmental history. Sediment is formed continuously in all lakes, and its
composition depends on the biogeochemistry of the lake and the chemistry of the
basin. Thus, lake sediments reflect the lake’s average biogeochemistry, allowing integrated measurements of lake chemistry variables estimated based on sediment characteristics. Sediments have not only large spatial and temporal variations in physical
and chemical properties but also show elemental flow between this compartment,