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T. Ma et al.
hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Sediment records provide much information about
the history of a body of water. This information can be used to reconstruct historical
changes in water quality and to identify the natural state of waters prior to impacting
the human body, thereby setting goals for lake restoration and restoration activities.
The important thing for climatologists is the coherence between climate change and
carbon cycling. Several studies have shown that most lakes in the world are net
sources of CO 2 to the atmosphere and that the CO 2 emission from lakes is proportional to the input and lake mineralization of terrestrial organic carbon. Distribution
and retention of heavy metals in lake sediments are also critical to understand biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems and lake management. Moreover, the investigation of marine sediments is also important for paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic
views. A quick, inexpensive, high spatial resolution, and reproducible method for
determining various chemistry of sediments like NIRS would be very useful for many
environmental research and monitoring programs related to the aquatic system.
Malley et al. [56] reported the prediction of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Fe with
an R
2 value of 0.86, 0.63, 0.91, 0.93, 0.81, 0.88, and 0.93, respectively, from the
NIR reflection spectra of sandy and highly organic littoral sediments from a Precambrian Shield lake (37-ha surface area) in northwestern. In this research, cores were
taken by scuba diver using a 5 cm plexiglass tube inserted by hand. After cutting
the core (6–14 cm) into 1-cm-thick sections, samples were freeze-dried and sieved
thorough no. 10 sieves before NIR measurement. Although there is no absorbance
band due to these meatal in the NIR region, they attribute the reason for the high
accuracy of heavy metal by NIR spectra to the correlation between heavy metals
and organic matter containing protein, cellulose, and oil. Inagaki et al. [57] predicted
values for water content, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, total sulfur, Al 2 O 3 ,
S/Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 , Sc/Al 2 O 3 , Cu/Al 2 O 3 , and Zn/Al 2 O 3 with coefficients of
determination for cross-validation of 0.73, 0.89, 0.88, 0.73, 0.92, 0.81, 0.82, 0.75,
0.82, and 0.82, respectively, from the sediments samples from almost 20-m-depth
cores, covering approximately the last 10,000 years in Lake Ogawara, Japan. They
concluded NIR absorbances of organic matter contributed to the calibration and
interpreted this absorbance primarily describes the ligands in the highly organic
samples. Kleinebecker et al. [58] reported the acceptable to the excellent prediction for total and NaCl-extractable concentrations of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, N, Na, P,
S, Si, and Zn as well as oxalate-extractable concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, and P
in sediment samples collected from core samples (0–10 cm) using piston sampler.
They collected the samples from 191 locations distributed over the Netherlands.
Air-dried samples were screened through a sieve with 2 mm mesh wire before NIR
measurement in their study. The prediction of total C, CO 3
2– , N, P, and diatoms 47cm-long freeze core from the deepest point in Lake Arendsee, Mecklenburg Plain
in northern Germany by NIR spectroscopy was reported by Malley et al. [59]. Total
organic carbon (TOC) prediction in 400 core samples from Lake Suigetsu, Japan,
was reported by Pearson et al. [60]. Korsman et al. [61] investigated the spatial variance in the NIR spectral data from 165 surface sediments samples from a northern
Swedish humic, mesotrophic lake, and revealed that water depth and organic matter
account for 20 and 16%, respectively, of the variance in the NIR absorbance data.
T. Ma et al.
hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Sediment records provide much information about
the history of a body of water. This information can be used to reconstruct historical
changes in water quality and to identify the natural state of waters prior to impacting
the human body, thereby setting goals for lake restoration and restoration activities.
The important thing for climatologists is the coherence between climate change and
carbon cycling. Several studies have shown that most lakes in the world are net
sources of CO 2 to the atmosphere and that the CO 2 emission from lakes is proportional to the input and lake mineralization of terrestrial organic carbon. Distribution
and retention of heavy metals in lake sediments are also critical to understand biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems and lake management. Moreover, the investigation of marine sediments is also important for paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic
views. A quick, inexpensive, high spatial resolution, and reproducible method for
determining various chemistry of sediments like NIRS would be very useful for many
environmental research and monitoring programs related to the aquatic system.
Malley et al. [56] reported the prediction of Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Fe with
an R
2 value of 0.86, 0.63, 0.91, 0.93, 0.81, 0.88, and 0.93, respectively, from the
NIR reflection spectra of sandy and highly organic littoral sediments from a Precambrian Shield lake (37-ha surface area) in northwestern. In this research, cores were
taken by scuba diver using a 5 cm plexiglass tube inserted by hand. After cutting
the core (6–14 cm) into 1-cm-thick sections, samples were freeze-dried and sieved
thorough no. 10 sieves before NIR measurement. Although there is no absorbance
band due to these meatal in the NIR region, they attribute the reason for the high
accuracy of heavy metal by NIR spectra to the correlation between heavy metals
and organic matter containing protein, cellulose, and oil. Inagaki et al. [57] predicted
values for water content, total nitrogen, total organic carbon, total sulfur, Al 2 O 3 ,
S/Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 /Al 2 O 3 , Sc/Al 2 O 3 , Cu/Al 2 O 3 , and Zn/Al 2 O 3 with coefficients of
determination for cross-validation of 0.73, 0.89, 0.88, 0.73, 0.92, 0.81, 0.82, 0.75,
0.82, and 0.82, respectively, from the sediments samples from almost 20-m-depth
cores, covering approximately the last 10,000 years in Lake Ogawara, Japan. They
concluded NIR absorbances of organic matter contributed to the calibration and
interpreted this absorbance primarily describes the ligands in the highly organic
samples. Kleinebecker et al. [58] reported the acceptable to the excellent prediction for total and NaCl-extractable concentrations of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, N, Na, P,
S, Si, and Zn as well as oxalate-extractable concentrations of Al, Fe, Mn, and P
in sediment samples collected from core samples (0–10 cm) using piston sampler.
They collected the samples from 191 locations distributed over the Netherlands.
Air-dried samples were screened through a sieve with 2 mm mesh wire before NIR
measurement in their study. The prediction of total C, CO 3
2– , N, P, and diatoms 47cm-long freeze core from the deepest point in Lake Arendsee, Mecklenburg Plain
in northern Germany by NIR spectroscopy was reported by Malley et al. [59]. Total
organic carbon (TOC) prediction in 400 core samples from Lake Suigetsu, Japan,
was reported by Pearson et al. [60]. Korsman et al. [61] investigated the spatial variance in the NIR spectral data from 165 surface sediments samples from a northern
Swedish humic, mesotrophic lake, and revealed that water depth and organic matter
account for 20 and 16%, respectively, of the variance in the NIR absorbance data.