5.12 Speckle-Optical Diagnostics of Muscle Activity and …
453
analyses of the derived information include the calculation of spectra registered in
different frequency ranges: For the evaluation of the degree of the tremor intensity
1–16 Hz and for the diagnostics of the disorders of muscle tonus 10–62 changes
of skin microdynamics are detected in the ranges of 1–1000 and 50–1000 Hz. This
approach to the processing of speckle-optical indicators was further developed in
the experimental works and is successfully implemented in the clinical practice. The
wide application of speckle-optical method of the study of skin microdynamics and
myotonus made it possible to derive the objective characteristics of microhemocirculatory processes in patients with compressive–ischemic, toxic and traumatic injuries
of peripheral nerves [165, 169], also in patients with acute and chronic ischemia of
the brain [193–203, 206, 209].
With the help of noninvasive speckle-optical methods, the tonic muscle condition
and their contractile activity were studied, and the objective estimation of tremor
and skin microhemodynamics (MHD) was provided in patients with the diseases of
central and peripheral nervous system. Speckle-optical myography made it possible
to provide objective estimation of changes in functional state of skeletal muscles in
patients with axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy (PNP), facial dyskinesias
and also during Parkinson’s disease.
During the process of the study of functional disorders of neuromotor apparatus,
speckle-optical diagnostics of muscle tonus considerably completes the results of
electroneuromyographic (ENMG) testing of peripheral nerves and electromyography (EMG) and extends the possibilities of objective assessment of processes
under study. As it was shown in the works [181–215], it was used for the study
of patients with traumatic and compressive–ischemic damages of nerves. Further
speckle-optical estimation of disorders of contractile function of muscles at demyelinating polyneuropathy of different genesis was carried out. In patients with alcohol
and demyelinating polyneuropathy due to the skin microhemocirculation disorders,
particularly obvious in distal areas of lower extremities, there were detected insignificant changes in muscle tonus at rest and worsening of their contractile properties
with the disorder of contractile function, mainly, in the distal areas of upper and
lower extremities with certain predominance of pathologic changes in patients with
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy [183, 184]. The received data
make it possible to estimate the degree of postsynaptic changes developing directly
in the muscle fibers and conditioned by the pathology of neutralizing component
of peripheric neuromotor apparatus at polyneuropathy of demyelinating and axon
genesis. Altogether with the results derived from ENMG testing, the speckle-optical
estimation of tonic and contractile muscle activity quite clearly defines electrophysiological and biomechanical patterns of functional disorders of peripheral neuromotor
apparatus.
The question of the possibility of applying speckle-optical indicators as differential diagnostic criteria with the estimation of biomechanical characteristics of facial
muscles in patients with facial dyskinesias is discussed [185–187]. The unidirectionality was detected of changes of speckle-optical parameters of myotonus of orbicular
muscle of the eye in patients with focal form of muscle dystonia—blepharospasm
and facial hemispasm with establishment of the most essential differences in the
453
analyses of the derived information include the calculation of spectra registered in
different frequency ranges: For the evaluation of the degree of the tremor intensity
1–16 Hz and for the diagnostics of the disorders of muscle tonus 10–62 changes
of skin microdynamics are detected in the ranges of 1–1000 and 50–1000 Hz. This
approach to the processing of speckle-optical indicators was further developed in
the experimental works and is successfully implemented in the clinical practice. The
wide application of speckle-optical method of the study of skin microdynamics and
myotonus made it possible to derive the objective characteristics of microhemocirculatory processes in patients with compressive–ischemic, toxic and traumatic injuries
of peripheral nerves [165, 169], also in patients with acute and chronic ischemia of
the brain [193–203, 206, 209].
With the help of noninvasive speckle-optical methods, the tonic muscle condition
and their contractile activity were studied, and the objective estimation of tremor
and skin microhemodynamics (MHD) was provided in patients with the diseases of
central and peripheral nervous system. Speckle-optical myography made it possible
to provide objective estimation of changes in functional state of skeletal muscles in
patients with axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy (PNP), facial dyskinesias
and also during Parkinson’s disease.
During the process of the study of functional disorders of neuromotor apparatus,
speckle-optical diagnostics of muscle tonus considerably completes the results of
electroneuromyographic (ENMG) testing of peripheral nerves and electromyography (EMG) and extends the possibilities of objective assessment of processes
under study. As it was shown in the works [181–215], it was used for the study
of patients with traumatic and compressive–ischemic damages of nerves. Further
speckle-optical estimation of disorders of contractile function of muscles at demyelinating polyneuropathy of different genesis was carried out. In patients with alcohol
and demyelinating polyneuropathy due to the skin microhemocirculation disorders,
particularly obvious in distal areas of lower extremities, there were detected insignificant changes in muscle tonus at rest and worsening of their contractile properties
with the disorder of contractile function, mainly, in the distal areas of upper and
lower extremities with certain predominance of pathologic changes in patients with
chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy [183, 184]. The received data
make it possible to estimate the degree of postsynaptic changes developing directly
in the muscle fibers and conditioned by the pathology of neutralizing component
of peripheric neuromotor apparatus at polyneuropathy of demyelinating and axon
genesis. Altogether with the results derived from ENMG testing, the speckle-optical
estimation of tonic and contractile muscle activity quite clearly defines electrophysiological and biomechanical patterns of functional disorders of peripheral neuromotor
apparatus.
The question of the possibility of applying speckle-optical indicators as differential diagnostic criteria with the estimation of biomechanical characteristics of facial
muscles in patients with facial dyskinesias is discussed [185–187]. The unidirectionality was detected of changes of speckle-optical parameters of myotonus of orbicular
muscle of the eye in patients with focal form of muscle dystonia—blepharospasm
and facial hemispasm with establishment of the most essential differences in the