82
2 Holographic Microscopy of Phase and Diffuse Objects …
and V. F. Oswald on thermal dynamics of galvanic element. The application of more
perfect experimental devices provided a considerable development of the Bernstein
representations. Developed by M. Hodzhkin and O. L. Haksli, phenomenological
theory of bioelectrical phenomena clearly describes large factual material [179].
New development in this area of science is characterized by deeper penetration
into molecular nature of membrane phenomena. Along with this, the continuous
expansion of the scope of biological phenomena takes place, new possibilities of
their use in medicine especially for diagnostics purposes appear. And as a rule, it
is referred to as extracellular fields. For example, it is possible to measure electric
potential differences between different points on the human body surface. It can be
done due to the activity of the excited cells set—nerve and muscle.
It was shown that extracellular fields are very weak, the activity of milliards of
cells is summed in them. Moving deep down, closer to separate electric brain center,
great discoveries were made. It became possible to show that the emotions of higher
animals can be controlled by electric current, as well as the movement of frog legs
during the Galvani experiments. The scientists even detected the location of different
centers such as satisfaction, fear, anger and so on [180].
Extracellular fields are by-product of nerve cells principal activity. The whole
information received by the organism from the environment is transformed into
nerve impulses having electrochemical character with the help of receptors. Through
nerve fibers, which are used as strengthening cable, they are transmitted to the central
nervous system. There the information is processed, the decisions are made, and then,
the instructions are given to muscles in the form of nerve impulses. One of the most
remarkable characteristics of nerve impulses is that they have constant amplitude
and form and stimulation character influences only their frequency.
Moreover, myelinated nerve fibers have an additional layer consisted of repetitive
spiral wound around the axon layers of satellite Schwann’s cells [181]. A nerve cell
is also surrounded by glia cells, which differ by the absence of action potential. Glia
cells actively participate in neuron functional activity maintenance. More convincing
results on the metabolic correlation of neuron and glia (oligodendroglia) concern
protein and nucleic acid syntheses [182].
The participation of glia cells (astrosphere) in transportation from capillaries to
neuron is obvious [181]. Nerve cells in the tissue are in contact. Such a correlation is expressed in the terms of electric and chemical contacts. Being functionally
more mature, chemical contacts or synapsis accurately transfers nerve impulse. In a
common form, synapsis is the neuron process thickening—synaptic button—tightly
adjoining to another neuron. There is a synaptic gap with the width of 15–25 nm
between them. The synaptic button contains a set of vesicles, which contain the
resources of transmitter substances. The extreme effectiveness of pulsing is shown
electrophysiologically. Chemical synapse providing one-way impulse transmission
is also used as a functional regulator of nerve cell electric activity due to the influence
of different factors on the mechanism of mediator extraction and adsorption [175].
Present experimental material shows considerable development of all cellular
structures of a neuron. Moreover, because of its specialization, nerve cell has
typical structures—electroexcitable membrane, neurofibrils, neurotubules, synapse,
2 Holographic Microscopy of Phase and Diffuse Objects …
and V. F. Oswald on thermal dynamics of galvanic element. The application of more
perfect experimental devices provided a considerable development of the Bernstein
representations. Developed by M. Hodzhkin and O. L. Haksli, phenomenological
theory of bioelectrical phenomena clearly describes large factual material [179].
New development in this area of science is characterized by deeper penetration
into molecular nature of membrane phenomena. Along with this, the continuous
expansion of the scope of biological phenomena takes place, new possibilities of
their use in medicine especially for diagnostics purposes appear. And as a rule, it
is referred to as extracellular fields. For example, it is possible to measure electric
potential differences between different points on the human body surface. It can be
done due to the activity of the excited cells set—nerve and muscle.
It was shown that extracellular fields are very weak, the activity of milliards of
cells is summed in them. Moving deep down, closer to separate electric brain center,
great discoveries were made. It became possible to show that the emotions of higher
animals can be controlled by electric current, as well as the movement of frog legs
during the Galvani experiments. The scientists even detected the location of different
centers such as satisfaction, fear, anger and so on [180].
Extracellular fields are by-product of nerve cells principal activity. The whole
information received by the organism from the environment is transformed into
nerve impulses having electrochemical character with the help of receptors. Through
nerve fibers, which are used as strengthening cable, they are transmitted to the central
nervous system. There the information is processed, the decisions are made, and then,
the instructions are given to muscles in the form of nerve impulses. One of the most
remarkable characteristics of nerve impulses is that they have constant amplitude
and form and stimulation character influences only their frequency.
Moreover, myelinated nerve fibers have an additional layer consisted of repetitive
spiral wound around the axon layers of satellite Schwann’s cells [181]. A nerve cell
is also surrounded by glia cells, which differ by the absence of action potential. Glia
cells actively participate in neuron functional activity maintenance. More convincing
results on the metabolic correlation of neuron and glia (oligodendroglia) concern
protein and nucleic acid syntheses [182].
The participation of glia cells (astrosphere) in transportation from capillaries to
neuron is obvious [181]. Nerve cells in the tissue are in contact. Such a correlation is expressed in the terms of electric and chemical contacts. Being functionally
more mature, chemical contacts or synapsis accurately transfers nerve impulse. In a
common form, synapsis is the neuron process thickening—synaptic button—tightly
adjoining to another neuron. There is a synaptic gap with the width of 15–25 nm
between them. The synaptic button contains a set of vesicles, which contain the
resources of transmitter substances. The extreme effectiveness of pulsing is shown
electrophysiologically. Chemical synapse providing one-way impulse transmission
is also used as a functional regulator of nerve cell electric activity due to the influence
of different factors on the mechanism of mediator extraction and adsorption [175].
Present experimental material shows considerable development of all cellular
structures of a neuron. Moreover, because of its specialization, nerve cell has
typical structures—electroexcitable membrane, neurofibrils, neurotubules, synapse,