55
markers separated by as little as Four days. This difference in focus is reflected in
the names given to the markers. When a marker has a similar name in both lists, the
name is a physical description of the marker; when a marker is unique to Parsons or
the same marker has different names in the two lists, Parsons’s names frequently
end with forms similar to -öisti, variants of the terms -uyis and -úyisti, planting time
3
(Malotki, 1983: 393–400); when a marker is unique to Stephen and Fewkes, or has
different names in the two lists, Stephen’s names focus more on the physical description of the marker and do not refer explicitly to a planting event. One example of
this difference is that Stephen names one site Owátcoki, rock mound house, while
Parsons names the same site as Owatsmutix, rock hill planting. We should recognize
that the names appearing in our sources reflect the concerns of the ethnographers
who collected the data. Fortunately, our diverse sources provide complementary
Hopi perspectives on their horizon calendars.
There are similar lists of horizon markers from the Third Mesa village of Oraibi.
One list appears in a transcription of a planting song transcribed by H. R. Voth
(1901: 149–152), which lists the names of 11 sunset markers and 10 sunrise markers; many of Voth’s markers also appear in a list of 12 sunrise markers prepared by
Titiev (1938). These lists have been further discussed in Malotki’s (1983: 432–434)
detailed linguistic analysis of Hopi temporal concepts. Although these sources provide sequential lists of the horizon markers, they only provide sufficient details to
establish the location of a few of these markers.
3.2 Horizon Diagrams Created by Ethnographers or
Native Observers
In the 1890s Alexander Stephen drew several horizon diagrams (Fig. 1; Stephen,
1893a, 1936: Maps 4, 12), which clarify the topography and provide measured magnetic azimuths to some of the local landmarks, including two planting markers.
Additional horizon diagrams were published by C. Daryll Forde (1931: 386–387)
some of which drew on his own field work in the 1930s and the 1913 field notes of
Barbara Freire-Marreco and her Tewa consultant, Leslie Agayo. Figure 2 by Agayo
associates planting of specific crops with eight horizon markers while Forde (Fig. 3)
gives magnetic bearings from an unspecified location, apparently a field located in
the valley of Polacca Wash, to six horizon markers, four of which Forde associated
with preparing fields or planting crops. Forde also provides (Forde, 1931: 386,
Fig. 6b) a “native drawing” of planting markers from the village of Shungopavi on
Second Mesa which depicts ten horizon markers from winter to summer solstice,
three of which are also used as planting markers in the First Mesa calendar. Titiev
3 Parsons does not give names ending in the uncommon term uyispi, planting place (Malotki, 1983:
435), which ends with the nominalizing suffix –pi, indicating a place (Hopi Dictionary Project,
1998: 409, s.v. –pi 1).
The Hopi Calendar and Some Archaeological Correlates of Horizon Markers
markers separated by as little as Four days. This difference in focus is reflected in
the names given to the markers. When a marker has a similar name in both lists, the
name is a physical description of the marker; when a marker is unique to Parsons or
the same marker has different names in the two lists, Parsons’s names frequently
end with forms similar to -öisti, variants of the terms -uyis and -úyisti, planting time
3
(Malotki, 1983: 393–400); when a marker is unique to Stephen and Fewkes, or has
different names in the two lists, Stephen’s names focus more on the physical description of the marker and do not refer explicitly to a planting event. One example of
this difference is that Stephen names one site Owátcoki, rock mound house, while
Parsons names the same site as Owatsmutix, rock hill planting. We should recognize
that the names appearing in our sources reflect the concerns of the ethnographers
who collected the data. Fortunately, our diverse sources provide complementary
Hopi perspectives on their horizon calendars.
There are similar lists of horizon markers from the Third Mesa village of Oraibi.
One list appears in a transcription of a planting song transcribed by H. R. Voth
(1901: 149–152), which lists the names of 11 sunset markers and 10 sunrise markers; many of Voth’s markers also appear in a list of 12 sunrise markers prepared by
Titiev (1938). These lists have been further discussed in Malotki’s (1983: 432–434)
detailed linguistic analysis of Hopi temporal concepts. Although these sources provide sequential lists of the horizon markers, they only provide sufficient details to
establish the location of a few of these markers.
3.2 Horizon Diagrams Created by Ethnographers or
Native Observers
In the 1890s Alexander Stephen drew several horizon diagrams (Fig. 1; Stephen,
1893a, 1936: Maps 4, 12), which clarify the topography and provide measured magnetic azimuths to some of the local landmarks, including two planting markers.
Additional horizon diagrams were published by C. Daryll Forde (1931: 386–387)
some of which drew on his own field work in the 1930s and the 1913 field notes of
Barbara Freire-Marreco and her Tewa consultant, Leslie Agayo. Figure 2 by Agayo
associates planting of specific crops with eight horizon markers while Forde (Fig. 3)
gives magnetic bearings from an unspecified location, apparently a field located in
the valley of Polacca Wash, to six horizon markers, four of which Forde associated
with preparing fields or planting crops. Forde also provides (Forde, 1931: 386,
Fig. 6b) a “native drawing” of planting markers from the village of Shungopavi on
Second Mesa which depicts ten horizon markers from winter to summer solstice,
three of which are also used as planting markers in the First Mesa calendar. Titiev
3 Parsons does not give names ending in the uncommon term uyispi, planting place (Malotki, 1983:
435), which ends with the nominalizing suffix –pi, indicating a place (Hopi Dictionary Project,
1998: 409, s.v. –pi 1).
The Hopi Calendar and Some Archaeological Correlates of Horizon Markers