170
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
and the emissions of ECL were compared. The results proved that PoP-ECL immunodevice showed an acceptable linear response range from 0.01 to 200 U mL
−1 with
a LOD of 0.0055 U mL
−1 . Overall, the benefits of the suggested immunodevice
include: (i) development of wax-covered paper by means of employing an inexpensive crayon; (ii) application of commercially available 6B-type black pencil for
creating carbon electrodes on µPADs; (iii) integration of a rechargeable battery onto
PoP-ECL device which significantly simplified the device and decreased the cost
(Yang 2014).
Using a compatibly designed origami electrochemical device, a unique porous Aupaper working electrode (Au-PWE) that coupled the high conductivity of AgNPs
and porosity of paper, was fabricated. By an interrelated AuNPs layer on the
fibers’ sample zone, the conductivity of the paper was significantly enhanced. Li
et al. (2014) created a sensitive and simple ECL-DNA sensor founded on calcium
carbonate/carboxymethyl chitosan (CaCO 3 /CMC) hybrid microspheres @ luminescent AgNPs composites and graphene-modified porous Au-paper working electrode (GR/Au-PWE) (Table 8.1). Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was utilized
to control the particle size and to form the hybrid particles (CaCO 3 /CMC) with
great biodegradability and biocompatibility properties, fine loading capability and
substantial specific surface area. These particles were developed through precipitating the calcium carbonate in an aqueous solution including CMC implemented
as carriers for immobilization of AgNPs. Thermal reduction of silver ions in
a glycine matrix was performed to synthesize the AgNPs, making use of the solidstate matrix to manage the migration and nucleation of reduced silver atoms. On
the surface of CaCO 3 /CMC hybrid microspheres, AgNPs were covalently bound
to the complementary ssDNA sequence. Positive poly (diallyldimethylammonium
chloride)-functionalized graphene (PDDA-GR) was compunded to Au-coated cellulose fibers in the paper sample zone, in which PDDA-GR/Au-PWE was effectively
developed for the immobilization of capture probe, in order to further enhance the AuPWE’s electrochemical properties. Finally, the CaCO 3 /CMC@AgNPs labels were
brought to the surface of the PDDA-GR/Au-PWE through subsequent sandwich
DNA hybridization. Subsequently, to acquire a unique biocompatible ECL signal
amplifier, CaCO 3 /CMC@AgNPs, the CaCO 3 /CMC hybrid microspheres were used
as ECL signal carriers (Fig. 8.3). Making use of dual amplification impacts of the
CaCO 3 /CMC@AgNPs composites and GR modified Au-PWE, the target DNA could
be detected by the paper-based DNA sensor, quantitatively, in the range of 4.0 × 10
–17
to 5.0 × 10
–11 M, showing great specificity, with a LOD as low as 8.5 × 10
–18 M, and
with excellent selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the µPADs DNA
sensor exhibited appealing analytical performance as a high-throughput, portable,
rapid, low-cost and simple ECL µPADs. It is a favourable platform for precise gene
diagnostics on site and at home that could be readily applicable for POC testing,
environmental monitoring, and public health in remote regions (Li et al. 2014).
The initial attempt at merging ECL detection and micro cloth-based analytical
devices (µCADs) to measure glucose was presented by Guan et al. (2015). The integration of ECL assay with µCADs can provide tremendous benefits including portability, cost-effectiveness and simplicity of the devices in addition to high selectivity
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
and the emissions of ECL were compared. The results proved that PoP-ECL immunodevice showed an acceptable linear response range from 0.01 to 200 U mL
−1 with
a LOD of 0.0055 U mL
−1 . Overall, the benefits of the suggested immunodevice
include: (i) development of wax-covered paper by means of employing an inexpensive crayon; (ii) application of commercially available 6B-type black pencil for
creating carbon electrodes on µPADs; (iii) integration of a rechargeable battery onto
PoP-ECL device which significantly simplified the device and decreased the cost
(Yang 2014).
Using a compatibly designed origami electrochemical device, a unique porous Aupaper working electrode (Au-PWE) that coupled the high conductivity of AgNPs
and porosity of paper, was fabricated. By an interrelated AuNPs layer on the
fibers’ sample zone, the conductivity of the paper was significantly enhanced. Li
et al. (2014) created a sensitive and simple ECL-DNA sensor founded on calcium
carbonate/carboxymethyl chitosan (CaCO 3 /CMC) hybrid microspheres @ luminescent AgNPs composites and graphene-modified porous Au-paper working electrode (GR/Au-PWE) (Table 8.1). Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was utilized
to control the particle size and to form the hybrid particles (CaCO 3 /CMC) with
great biodegradability and biocompatibility properties, fine loading capability and
substantial specific surface area. These particles were developed through precipitating the calcium carbonate in an aqueous solution including CMC implemented
as carriers for immobilization of AgNPs. Thermal reduction of silver ions in
a glycine matrix was performed to synthesize the AgNPs, making use of the solidstate matrix to manage the migration and nucleation of reduced silver atoms. On
the surface of CaCO 3 /CMC hybrid microspheres, AgNPs were covalently bound
to the complementary ssDNA sequence. Positive poly (diallyldimethylammonium
chloride)-functionalized graphene (PDDA-GR) was compunded to Au-coated cellulose fibers in the paper sample zone, in which PDDA-GR/Au-PWE was effectively
developed for the immobilization of capture probe, in order to further enhance the AuPWE’s electrochemical properties. Finally, the CaCO 3 /CMC@AgNPs labels were
brought to the surface of the PDDA-GR/Au-PWE through subsequent sandwich
DNA hybridization. Subsequently, to acquire a unique biocompatible ECL signal
amplifier, CaCO 3 /CMC@AgNPs, the CaCO 3 /CMC hybrid microspheres were used
as ECL signal carriers (Fig. 8.3). Making use of dual amplification impacts of the
CaCO 3 /CMC@AgNPs composites and GR modified Au-PWE, the target DNA could
be detected by the paper-based DNA sensor, quantitatively, in the range of 4.0 × 10
–17
to 5.0 × 10
–11 M, showing great specificity, with a LOD as low as 8.5 × 10
–18 M, and
with excellent selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the µPADs DNA
sensor exhibited appealing analytical performance as a high-throughput, portable,
rapid, low-cost and simple ECL µPADs. It is a favourable platform for precise gene
diagnostics on site and at home that could be readily applicable for POC testing,
environmental monitoring, and public health in remote regions (Li et al. 2014).
The initial attempt at merging ECL detection and micro cloth-based analytical
devices (µCADs) to measure glucose was presented by Guan et al. (2015). The integration of ECL assay with µCADs can provide tremendous benefits including portability, cost-effectiveness and simplicity of the devices in addition to high selectivity