162
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
8.2 Electrochemiluminescence Detection Strategy
The ECL signal is generated when the chemiluminescent (CL) phenomenon is triggered by an electrochemical method without a need for an external light source
(Hu and Reviews 2010; Bard 1988). This detection strategy offers high versatility,
a wide dynamic detection range, low background noise, simple optical setup, and
good reproducibility (Ju et al. 2017). Furthermore, various reactants can be electrochemically regenerated at the electrode. The regeneration of these reactants allows
them to take part in ECL reactions again in an excess of co-reactants that can react
with luminophores to produce higher light intensity. As a result, many photons are
produced per each measurement cycle. This greatly enhances the sensitivity of the
technique and classifies it as an excellent candidate for biosensors (Hu and Reviews
2010). In this chapter, we review and compare some of the latest advancements of the
BioMEMS platforms that have integrated the ECL strategy as a means for analyte
recognition.
8.3 Recent Advances of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)
Detection in Paper-Based BioMEMS
Since its development, µPADs have shown tremendous prospects in the molecular
analysis of biological fluids (e.g. serum, blood, and urine), health monitoring and
environmental analysis in developed and developing countries, as well as in resourcelimited and remote parts of the world. Particularly, µPADs integrated into analytical
systems have advanced into refined applications that involve colorimetric, fluorescence, luminescence, electrochemical, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence detection strategies (Yang 2014). Conventional colorimetric approach for
qualitative analysis of analytes on µPADs presents a limited sensitivity. However,
ECL incorporates the gains of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence to offer a
powerful method for highly sensitive analyte recognition. Furthermore, ECL integration into µPADs-based and screen-printed electrodes have significantly increased the
variety of options for analyte detection and proved perfect opportunities for biosensor
fabrication (Wang 2013). Some of the latest examples of the paper-based BioMEMS
used for electrochemiluminescence detection are as provided as an extension of this
section.
Wang et al. (2013) developed a sensitive POC device for detection of carcinoma
antigen 125 (CA125). The platform was composed of a 3D microfluidic origami
device coupled with ECL immunosensor. Wax-printing was used for fabrication of
this portable microfluidic origami device. Via screen printing counter electrodes
and carbon working in a direct manner in addition to Ag/AgCl reference electrode
created with their conductive pads over wax-patterned pure cellulose paper. These
electrodes were triggered by folding the papers to create a 3D electrochemical cell
(Fig. 8.1). The structure of this three-electrode system eliminates the potential influ-
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
8.2 Electrochemiluminescence Detection Strategy
The ECL signal is generated when the chemiluminescent (CL) phenomenon is triggered by an electrochemical method without a need for an external light source
(Hu and Reviews 2010; Bard 1988). This detection strategy offers high versatility,
a wide dynamic detection range, low background noise, simple optical setup, and
good reproducibility (Ju et al. 2017). Furthermore, various reactants can be electrochemically regenerated at the electrode. The regeneration of these reactants allows
them to take part in ECL reactions again in an excess of co-reactants that can react
with luminophores to produce higher light intensity. As a result, many photons are
produced per each measurement cycle. This greatly enhances the sensitivity of the
technique and classifies it as an excellent candidate for biosensors (Hu and Reviews
2010). In this chapter, we review and compare some of the latest advancements of the
BioMEMS platforms that have integrated the ECL strategy as a means for analyte
recognition.
8.3 Recent Advances of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL)
Detection in Paper-Based BioMEMS
Since its development, µPADs have shown tremendous prospects in the molecular
analysis of biological fluids (e.g. serum, blood, and urine), health monitoring and
environmental analysis in developed and developing countries, as well as in resourcelimited and remote parts of the world. Particularly, µPADs integrated into analytical
systems have advanced into refined applications that involve colorimetric, fluorescence, luminescence, electrochemical, chemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence detection strategies (Yang 2014). Conventional colorimetric approach for
qualitative analysis of analytes on µPADs presents a limited sensitivity. However,
ECL incorporates the gains of electrochemistry and chemiluminescence to offer a
powerful method for highly sensitive analyte recognition. Furthermore, ECL integration into µPADs-based and screen-printed electrodes have significantly increased the
variety of options for analyte detection and proved perfect opportunities for biosensor
fabrication (Wang 2013). Some of the latest examples of the paper-based BioMEMS
used for electrochemiluminescence detection are as provided as an extension of this
section.
Wang et al. (2013) developed a sensitive POC device for detection of carcinoma
antigen 125 (CA125). The platform was composed of a 3D microfluidic origami
device coupled with ECL immunosensor. Wax-printing was used for fabrication of
this portable microfluidic origami device. Via screen printing counter electrodes
and carbon working in a direct manner in addition to Ag/AgCl reference electrode
created with their conductive pads over wax-patterned pure cellulose paper. These
electrodes were triggered by folding the papers to create a 3D electrochemical cell
(Fig. 8.1). The structure of this three-electrode system eliminates the potential influ-