124
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
some of the latest biosensors advancements and strategies using CL is reviewed with
a detailed comparison of these methods (Table 6.1).
6.3 Recent Advances of Chemiluminescence Detection
in Paper-Based BioMEMS
The development of cheap paper-based sensors or μPADs has conferred advantageous opportunities in pursuit of bio-analytical applications that are extremely
coveted in point-of-care testing (POCT) (He et al. 2011). Among paper-based techniques, Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most common approaches
in POC immunodiagnostics (Zangheri et al. 2019) due to its simplicity, robustness, portability and inexpensiveness (Qin et al. 2012). This technique is performed
commonly on a nitrocellulose membrane on which specific immunoreagents are
immobilized in defined positions, while sample and other reagents are transported
to the detection zones in the flow driven by capillary forces. Different quantitative
LFIAs were developed by instrumentally measuring the color intensity of bands
or using alternative labels, such as enzymes, fluorescent nanoparticles, colorimetric
markers, or electrochemical labels detected by CL (Zangheri et al. 2019). LFIAs
benefit from their simplicity, high sensitivity, rapid analysis, low-power demands,
and high compatibility with micromachining technologies (Li et al. 2017). In such
devices, the emitted light can be imaged and analyzed by using cheap portable CCD
cameras (Zangheri et al. 2019; Qin et al. 2012; Li et al. 2017).
A novel PADs biosensor for fast, sensitive, and convenient DNA detection was
developed by Wang et al. (Table 6.1). A simple and rapid wax-screen-printing method
was used to fabricate the device (Fig. 6.1a) followed by combining signal amplification and covalent modification. The DNA captured was immobilized, covalently
on the paper zone (PADs) via the addition of N,N’-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC).
For amplification of the detection, nano-porous gold (NPG) and carbon dots (Cdots) were used. A sandwich model in this device aimed at enhancing the wetstrength of PADs and the DNA stability on paper. Furthermore, C-dots scattered
nano-porous gold (C-dots@NPG) conjugated with a DNA strand, was captured on
the surface of the biosensor and employed as signal amplification label (Fig. 6.1b).
The enhanced CL emission was generated in the presence of potassium permanganate
and by analyzing the CL intensity the target DNA could be detected in a quantitative
manner. This novel protocol allowed the combination of the PADs and CL method
onto a sensitive sandwich-type CL-based DNA biosensor. The fabricated platform
was low-cost, simple, portable, disposable, and easy-to-use. Under optimal conditions, this paper-based DNA sensor successfully performed with a linear range of
10
–18 to 10
–14 M and with a detection limit of 8.56 × 10
–19 M of the target DNA. The
suggested paper-based DNA sensor, with sensitive, stable, rapid, reusable and highefficiency CL response could be a great candidate for the identification of analytes
in clinical samples (Wang et al. 2013).
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
some of the latest biosensors advancements and strategies using CL is reviewed with
a detailed comparison of these methods (Table 6.1).
6.3 Recent Advances of Chemiluminescence Detection
in Paper-Based BioMEMS
The development of cheap paper-based sensors or μPADs has conferred advantageous opportunities in pursuit of bio-analytical applications that are extremely
coveted in point-of-care testing (POCT) (He et al. 2011). Among paper-based techniques, Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) is one of the most common approaches
in POC immunodiagnostics (Zangheri et al. 2019) due to its simplicity, robustness, portability and inexpensiveness (Qin et al. 2012). This technique is performed
commonly on a nitrocellulose membrane on which specific immunoreagents are
immobilized in defined positions, while sample and other reagents are transported
to the detection zones in the flow driven by capillary forces. Different quantitative
LFIAs were developed by instrumentally measuring the color intensity of bands
or using alternative labels, such as enzymes, fluorescent nanoparticles, colorimetric
markers, or electrochemical labels detected by CL (Zangheri et al. 2019). LFIAs
benefit from their simplicity, high sensitivity, rapid analysis, low-power demands,
and high compatibility with micromachining technologies (Li et al. 2017). In such
devices, the emitted light can be imaged and analyzed by using cheap portable CCD
cameras (Zangheri et al. 2019; Qin et al. 2012; Li et al. 2017).
A novel PADs biosensor for fast, sensitive, and convenient DNA detection was
developed by Wang et al. (Table 6.1). A simple and rapid wax-screen-printing method
was used to fabricate the device (Fig. 6.1a) followed by combining signal amplification and covalent modification. The DNA captured was immobilized, covalently
on the paper zone (PADs) via the addition of N,N’-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC).
For amplification of the detection, nano-porous gold (NPG) and carbon dots (Cdots) were used. A sandwich model in this device aimed at enhancing the wetstrength of PADs and the DNA stability on paper. Furthermore, C-dots scattered
nano-porous gold (C-dots@NPG) conjugated with a DNA strand, was captured on
the surface of the biosensor and employed as signal amplification label (Fig. 6.1b).
The enhanced CL emission was generated in the presence of potassium permanganate
and by analyzing the CL intensity the target DNA could be detected in a quantitative
manner. This novel protocol allowed the combination of the PADs and CL method
onto a sensitive sandwich-type CL-based DNA biosensor. The fabricated platform
was low-cost, simple, portable, disposable, and easy-to-use. Under optimal conditions, this paper-based DNA sensor successfully performed with a linear range of
10
–18 to 10
–14 M and with a detection limit of 8.56 × 10
–19 M of the target DNA. The
suggested paper-based DNA sensor, with sensitive, stable, rapid, reusable and highefficiency CL response could be a great candidate for the identification of analytes
in clinical samples (Wang et al. 2013).