114
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
5.2 Bioluminescence Detection Strategy
As discussed in Chap. 4, luminescence is the phenomenon produced by the radiation
emitted by an atom or a molecule following the absorption of energy and entering into
an excited state (Drami´ canin 2018). It can be further divided into several categories
according to the type of energy or molecule involved. Bioluminescence involves
exergonic reactions of molecular oxygen with several substrates (luciferins) and
enzymes (luciferases) producing photons in the visible light range (Osamu 2006).
The light result varies according to the several factors including the structure of the
luciferin, the amino acid sequence of the luciferase, as well as available accessory
proteins. The cell biology and bioluminescence regulation vary among groups. Some
examples of organisms that present bioluminescence are bacteria and fireflies. While
bacteria produce light, in various other organisms the luminescence emits as flashes.
To capture these flashes, a quick turn on and off is required in an enzymatic reaction
(Wilson et al. 1998).
5.3 Recent Advances of Bioluminescence Detection
in Microfluidic BioMEMS
5.3.1 Recent Advances of Bioluminescence Detection
in Lab-On-Chip (LOC) Devices
A new method was developed for recognition of pathogenic bacteria by magnetic
nanoparticle clusters (MNCs) and a helical microchannel made by 3D-printing
proposed by Lee et al. The study has exhibited use of immunoassay together
with the helical microchannel device (Table 5.1). For more efficient separation, the
microchannel was made with a trapezoidal cross-section. Stereolithography was used
to fabricate the trapezoidal cross-section and the 3D-printed device. In order to detect
E. Coli (EC) bacteria in milk, the antibody-functionalized MNCs were used while
the regular MNCs and MNC-E. Coli (MNC-EC) conjugates were removed from the
milk by the aim of permanent magnet. The MNCs and MNC-ECs were, subsequently
dispersed within a buffer solution which was inserted into a helical microchannel
device regardless of the sheath flow. The MNC-ECs and MNCs were filtered and
separated through the Dean drag force as well as lift force. This separation was
performed in the presence of the sheath flow. After incubation of MNCs conjugated
to E. coli antibody within the control sample, the biorecognition was performed
followed by the measurement of the luminescence intensity. Since luminescence
emission takes place solely in the presence of those living organisms that contain
adenosine 5
-triphosphate (ATP), the luminescence intensity was a direct function
of E. Coli concentration. Finally, the results were evaluated by UV–Vis absorption
spectroscopy. An ATP luminometer was employed to confirm whether collected
A. S. Cerda-Kipper and S. Hosseini
5.2 Bioluminescence Detection Strategy
As discussed in Chap. 4, luminescence is the phenomenon produced by the radiation
emitted by an atom or a molecule following the absorption of energy and entering into
an excited state (Drami´ canin 2018). It can be further divided into several categories
according to the type of energy or molecule involved. Bioluminescence involves
exergonic reactions of molecular oxygen with several substrates (luciferins) and
enzymes (luciferases) producing photons in the visible light range (Osamu 2006).
The light result varies according to the several factors including the structure of the
luciferin, the amino acid sequence of the luciferase, as well as available accessory
proteins. The cell biology and bioluminescence regulation vary among groups. Some
examples of organisms that present bioluminescence are bacteria and fireflies. While
bacteria produce light, in various other organisms the luminescence emits as flashes.
To capture these flashes, a quick turn on and off is required in an enzymatic reaction
(Wilson et al. 1998).
5.3 Recent Advances of Bioluminescence Detection
in Microfluidic BioMEMS
5.3.1 Recent Advances of Bioluminescence Detection
in Lab-On-Chip (LOC) Devices
A new method was developed for recognition of pathogenic bacteria by magnetic
nanoparticle clusters (MNCs) and a helical microchannel made by 3D-printing
proposed by Lee et al. The study has exhibited use of immunoassay together
with the helical microchannel device (Table 5.1). For more efficient separation, the
microchannel was made with a trapezoidal cross-section. Stereolithography was used
to fabricate the trapezoidal cross-section and the 3D-printed device. In order to detect
E. Coli (EC) bacteria in milk, the antibody-functionalized MNCs were used while
the regular MNCs and MNC-E. Coli (MNC-EC) conjugates were removed from the
milk by the aim of permanent magnet. The MNCs and MNC-ECs were, subsequently
dispersed within a buffer solution which was inserted into a helical microchannel
device regardless of the sheath flow. The MNC-ECs and MNCs were filtered and
separated through the Dean drag force as well as lift force. This separation was
performed in the presence of the sheath flow. After incubation of MNCs conjugated
to E. coli antibody within the control sample, the biorecognition was performed
followed by the measurement of the luminescence intensity. Since luminescence
emission takes place solely in the presence of those living organisms that contain
adenosine 5
-triphosphate (ATP), the luminescence intensity was a direct function
of E. Coli concentration. Finally, the results were evaluated by UV–Vis absorption
spectroscopy. An ATP luminometer was employed to confirm whether collected