Pai DS, Rajeevan MN (2009) Summer monsoon onset over Kerala:
new definition and prediction. J Earth Syst Sci 118(2):123–135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-009-0020-y
Pai DS, Shridhar L, Rajeevan M, Sreejith OP, Satbhai NS, Mukhopadhyay B (2014) Development of a new high spatial resolution
(0.25° Â 0.25°) long period (1901–2010) daily gridded rainfall data
set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the
region. Mausam 65:1–18
Pai DS, Shridhra L, Ramesh Kumar MR (2016) Active and break
events of Indian summer monsoon during 1901–2014. Clim Dyn
46:3921–3939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2813-9
Pant GB, Parthasarathy B (1981) Some aspects of an association
between the southern oscillation and Indian summer monsoon
Archives for Meteorology. Arch Met Geoph Biocl B29:245–252.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02263246
Parthasarathy B, Diaz HF, Eischeld JK (1988) Prediction of all-India
summer monsoon rainfall with regional and large-scale parameters.
J
Geophys
Res
93:5341–5350.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
JD093iD05p05341
Parthasarathy B, Rupa Kumar K, Deshpande VR (1991a) Indian
summer monsoon rainfall and 200-mb meridional wind index:
application for long-range prediction. Int J Climatol 11:165 ± 176
Parthasarathy B, Rupa Kumar K, Munot AA (1991b) Evidence of
secular variations in Indian monsoon rainfall ± circulation relationships. J Climate 4(9):927 ± 938
Parthasarathy B, Munot AA, Kothawale DR (1994) All-India monthly
and seasonal rainfall. Series 1871–1993. Theor Appl Climatol
49:217–224
Parvathi V, Suresh I, Lengaigne M, Izumo T, Vialard J (2017) Robust
projected weakening of winter monsoon winds over the Arabian Sea
under climate change. Geophys Res Lett 4:9833–9843. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2017GL075098
Pathak A, Ghosh S, Kumar P (2014) Precipitation recycling in the
Indian subcontinent during summer monsoon. J Hydrometeor
15:2050–2066. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0172.1
Pattanaik D, Satyan V (2000) Fluctuations of Tropical Easterly Jet during
contrasting monsoons over India: a GCM study. Meteorol Atmos
Phys 75(1–2):51–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030070015
Patwardhan SK, Asnani GC (2000a) Meso-scale distribution of summer
monsoon rainfall near the Western Ghats (India). Int J Climatol 20
(5):575–581
Patwardhan SK, Asnani GC (2000b) Meso-scale distribution of
summer monsoon rainfall near the Western Ghats (India). Int J
Climatol J R Meteorol Soc 20(5):575–581
Paul S, Ghosh S, Oglesby R, Pathak A, Chadrasekharan A,
Ramasankaran R (2016) Weakening of Indian summer monsoon
rainfall due to changes in land use land cover. Sci Rep 6:32177.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32177
Paul S, Ghosh S, Rajendran K, Murtugudde R (2018) Moisture supply
from the Western Ghats Forests to water deficit East Coast of India.
Geophys Res Lett 45(9):4337–4344. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2018GL078198
Pillai P, Chowdary JS (2016) Indian summer monsoon intra-seasonal
oscillation associated with the developing and decaying phase of El
Niño. Int J Climatol 36:1846–1862. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.
4464
Pisharoty PR, Desai BN (1956) Western disturbances and Indian
weather. Indian J Met Geophys 7:333–338
Porter JR, Xie L, Challinor AJ, Cochrane K, Howden SM, Iqbal MM,
Lobell DB, Travasso MI (2014) Food security and food production
systems. In: Field et al (eds) Climate change 2014: impacts,
adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects.
Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of
the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 485–533
Prakash S, Mitra AK, Momin IM, Rajgopal EN, Basu S, Collins M,
Turnar AG, Rao KA, Ashok K (2015) Seasonal intercomparison of
observational rainfall datasets over India during the southwest
monsoon season. Int J Climatol 35:2326–2338. https://doi.org/10.
1002/joc.4129
Prasad S, Anoop A, Riedel N, Sarkar S, Menzel P, Basavaiah N,
Krishnan R, Fuller D, Plessen B, Gaye B, Röhl U, Wilkes H,
Sachse D, Sawant R, Wiesner MG, Stebich M (2014) Prolonged
monsoon droughts and links to Indo-Pacific warm pool: a Holocene
record from Lonar Lake, central India. Earth Planet Sci Lett
391:171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.043
Preethi B, Mujumdar M, Kripalani RH, Prabhu A, Krishnan R (2017)
Recent trends and tele-connections among South and East Asian
summer monsoons in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 48:2489–2505
Rahman SB, Templeman TS, Holt T, Murthy AB, Singh MP,
Agarwal P, Nigam S, Prabhu A, Ameenullah S (1990) Structure
of the Indian southwesterly pre-monsoon and monsoon boundary
layers: observations and numerical simulation. Atmos Environ 24A
(4):723–734
Rai P, Dimri A (2017) Effect of changing tropical easterly jet, low level
jet and quasi-biennial oscillation phases on Indian summer monsoon. Atmos Sci Lett 18(2):52–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.723
Raj YEA (1992) Objective determination of northeast monsoon onset
dates over coastal Tamil Nadu for the period 1901-190. Mausam
43:273–282
Rajeevan M, Bhate J, Jaswal AK (2008) Analysis of variability and
trends of extreme rainfall events over India using 104 years of
gridded daily rainfall data. Geophy Res Lett 35:L18707. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2008GL035143
Rajeevan M, Unnikrishnan CK, Bhate J, Niranjan Kumar K,
Sreekala PP (2012) Northeast monsoon over India: variability and
prediction. Meteorol Appl 19(2):226–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/
met.1322
Rajendran K, Kitoh A, Srinivasan J, Mizuta R, Krishnan R (2012)
Monsoon circulation interaction with Western Ghats orography
under changing climate. Theor Appl Climatol 110(4):555–571.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0690-2
Ramage CS (1971) Monsoon meteorology. In: International geophysics
series, vol 15. Academic Press, San Diego California, p 296
Ramamurthy K (1969) Monsoon of India: some aspects of the ‘break’
in the Indian southwest monsoon during July and August. Forecast
Man 1–57. (18.3 India Met. Dep Pune, India)
Ramanathan VC, Chung DK, Bettge T, Buja L, Kiehl JT, Washington WM, Fu Q, Sikka DR, Wild M (2005) Atmospheric brown
clouds: impact on South Asian climate and hydrologic cycle. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 102:5326–5333. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0500656102
Ramaswamy C (1962) Breaks in the Indian summer monsoon as a
phenomenon of interaction between the easterly and subtropical
westerly jet streams. Tellus 14(3):337–349
Ramaswamy C (1972) The severe drought over Tamil Nadu during the
retreating monsoon period of 1968 and its associations with
anomalies in the upper level flow patterns over the northern
hemisphere. Indian J Meteorol Geophys 23:303–316
Ramesh Kumar MR, Krishnan R, Syam S, Unnikrishnan AS, Pai DS
(2009) Increasing trend of “break-monsoon” conditions over
India-role of ocean-atmosphere processes in the Indian Ocean.
IEEE Geosci Rem Sens Lett 6:332–336. https://doi.org/10.1109/
LGRS.2009.2013366
Rao SA, Choudhari H, Pokhrel S, Goswami BN (2010) Unusual central
Indian drought of summer monsoon 2008: role of southern tropical
Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 23:5164–5173. https://doi.org/10.
1175/2010JCLI3257.1
Rao KK, Patwardhan SK, Kulkarni A, Kamala K, Sabade SS, Krishna
Kumar K (2014) Projected changes in mean and extreme
70
A. Kulkarni et al.
new definition and prediction. J Earth Syst Sci 118(2):123–135.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-009-0020-y
Pai DS, Shridhar L, Rajeevan M, Sreejith OP, Satbhai NS, Mukhopadhyay B (2014) Development of a new high spatial resolution
(0.25° Â 0.25°) long period (1901–2010) daily gridded rainfall data
set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the
region. Mausam 65:1–18
Pai DS, Shridhra L, Ramesh Kumar MR (2016) Active and break
events of Indian summer monsoon during 1901–2014. Clim Dyn
46:3921–3939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2813-9
Pant GB, Parthasarathy B (1981) Some aspects of an association
between the southern oscillation and Indian summer monsoon
Archives for Meteorology. Arch Met Geoph Biocl B29:245–252.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02263246
Parthasarathy B, Diaz HF, Eischeld JK (1988) Prediction of all-India
summer monsoon rainfall with regional and large-scale parameters.
J
Geophys
Res
93:5341–5350.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
JD093iD05p05341
Parthasarathy B, Rupa Kumar K, Deshpande VR (1991a) Indian
summer monsoon rainfall and 200-mb meridional wind index:
application for long-range prediction. Int J Climatol 11:165 ± 176
Parthasarathy B, Rupa Kumar K, Munot AA (1991b) Evidence of
secular variations in Indian monsoon rainfall ± circulation relationships. J Climate 4(9):927 ± 938
Parthasarathy B, Munot AA, Kothawale DR (1994) All-India monthly
and seasonal rainfall. Series 1871–1993. Theor Appl Climatol
49:217–224
Parvathi V, Suresh I, Lengaigne M, Izumo T, Vialard J (2017) Robust
projected weakening of winter monsoon winds over the Arabian Sea
under climate change. Geophys Res Lett 4:9833–9843. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2017GL075098
Pathak A, Ghosh S, Kumar P (2014) Precipitation recycling in the
Indian subcontinent during summer monsoon. J Hydrometeor
15:2050–2066. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0172.1
Pattanaik D, Satyan V (2000) Fluctuations of Tropical Easterly Jet during
contrasting monsoons over India: a GCM study. Meteorol Atmos
Phys 75(1–2):51–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030070015
Patwardhan SK, Asnani GC (2000a) Meso-scale distribution of summer
monsoon rainfall near the Western Ghats (India). Int J Climatol 20
(5):575–581
Patwardhan SK, Asnani GC (2000b) Meso-scale distribution of
summer monsoon rainfall near the Western Ghats (India). Int J
Climatol J R Meteorol Soc 20(5):575–581
Paul S, Ghosh S, Oglesby R, Pathak A, Chadrasekharan A,
Ramasankaran R (2016) Weakening of Indian summer monsoon
rainfall due to changes in land use land cover. Sci Rep 6:32177.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32177
Paul S, Ghosh S, Rajendran K, Murtugudde R (2018) Moisture supply
from the Western Ghats Forests to water deficit East Coast of India.
Geophys Res Lett 45(9):4337–4344. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2018GL078198
Pillai P, Chowdary JS (2016) Indian summer monsoon intra-seasonal
oscillation associated with the developing and decaying phase of El
Niño. Int J Climatol 36:1846–1862. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.
4464
Pisharoty PR, Desai BN (1956) Western disturbances and Indian
weather. Indian J Met Geophys 7:333–338
Porter JR, Xie L, Challinor AJ, Cochrane K, Howden SM, Iqbal MM,
Lobell DB, Travasso MI (2014) Food security and food production
systems. In: Field et al (eds) Climate change 2014: impacts,
adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects.
Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of
the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 485–533
Prakash S, Mitra AK, Momin IM, Rajgopal EN, Basu S, Collins M,
Turnar AG, Rao KA, Ashok K (2015) Seasonal intercomparison of
observational rainfall datasets over India during the southwest
monsoon season. Int J Climatol 35:2326–2338. https://doi.org/10.
1002/joc.4129
Prasad S, Anoop A, Riedel N, Sarkar S, Menzel P, Basavaiah N,
Krishnan R, Fuller D, Plessen B, Gaye B, Röhl U, Wilkes H,
Sachse D, Sawant R, Wiesner MG, Stebich M (2014) Prolonged
monsoon droughts and links to Indo-Pacific warm pool: a Holocene
record from Lonar Lake, central India. Earth Planet Sci Lett
391:171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.043
Preethi B, Mujumdar M, Kripalani RH, Prabhu A, Krishnan R (2017)
Recent trends and tele-connections among South and East Asian
summer monsoons in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 48:2489–2505
Rahman SB, Templeman TS, Holt T, Murthy AB, Singh MP,
Agarwal P, Nigam S, Prabhu A, Ameenullah S (1990) Structure
of the Indian southwesterly pre-monsoon and monsoon boundary
layers: observations and numerical simulation. Atmos Environ 24A
(4):723–734
Rai P, Dimri A (2017) Effect of changing tropical easterly jet, low level
jet and quasi-biennial oscillation phases on Indian summer monsoon. Atmos Sci Lett 18(2):52–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.723
Raj YEA (1992) Objective determination of northeast monsoon onset
dates over coastal Tamil Nadu for the period 1901-190. Mausam
43:273–282
Rajeevan M, Bhate J, Jaswal AK (2008) Analysis of variability and
trends of extreme rainfall events over India using 104 years of
gridded daily rainfall data. Geophy Res Lett 35:L18707. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2008GL035143
Rajeevan M, Unnikrishnan CK, Bhate J, Niranjan Kumar K,
Sreekala PP (2012) Northeast monsoon over India: variability and
prediction. Meteorol Appl 19(2):226–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/
met.1322
Rajendran K, Kitoh A, Srinivasan J, Mizuta R, Krishnan R (2012)
Monsoon circulation interaction with Western Ghats orography
under changing climate. Theor Appl Climatol 110(4):555–571.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0690-2
Ramage CS (1971) Monsoon meteorology. In: International geophysics
series, vol 15. Academic Press, San Diego California, p 296
Ramamurthy K (1969) Monsoon of India: some aspects of the ‘break’
in the Indian southwest monsoon during July and August. Forecast
Man 1–57. (18.3 India Met. Dep Pune, India)
Ramanathan VC, Chung DK, Bettge T, Buja L, Kiehl JT, Washington WM, Fu Q, Sikka DR, Wild M (2005) Atmospheric brown
clouds: impact on South Asian climate and hydrologic cycle. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 102:5326–5333. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
0500656102
Ramaswamy C (1962) Breaks in the Indian summer monsoon as a
phenomenon of interaction between the easterly and subtropical
westerly jet streams. Tellus 14(3):337–349
Ramaswamy C (1972) The severe drought over Tamil Nadu during the
retreating monsoon period of 1968 and its associations with
anomalies in the upper level flow patterns over the northern
hemisphere. Indian J Meteorol Geophys 23:303–316
Ramesh Kumar MR, Krishnan R, Syam S, Unnikrishnan AS, Pai DS
(2009) Increasing trend of “break-monsoon” conditions over
India-role of ocean-atmosphere processes in the Indian Ocean.
IEEE Geosci Rem Sens Lett 6:332–336. https://doi.org/10.1109/
LGRS.2009.2013366
Rao SA, Choudhari H, Pokhrel S, Goswami BN (2010) Unusual central
Indian drought of summer monsoon 2008: role of southern tropical
Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 23:5164–5173. https://doi.org/10.
1175/2010JCLI3257.1
Rao KK, Patwardhan SK, Kulkarni A, Kamala K, Sabade SS, Krishna
Kumar K (2014) Projected changes in mean and extreme
70
A. Kulkarni et al.