Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A, Sabade SS, Revadekar J, Patwardhan S,
Kulkarni JR (2004) Intraseasonal oscillations during monsoon 2002
and 2003. Curr Sci 87:325–351
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A, Singh SV (1997) Association of the Indian
summer monsoon with the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude
circulation. Int J Climatol 17:1055–1067. https://doi.org/10.1002/
(SICI)1097-0088(199708)17:10%3c1055:AID-JOC180%3e3.0.
CO;2-3
Kripalani RH, Kumar P (2004) Northeast monsoon rainfall variability
over south peninsular India vis-à-vis Indian Ocean dipole mode.
Int J Climatol 24:1267–1282
Krishna Kumar K, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA (1999) On the weakening
relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science
284:2156–2159. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156
Krishnamurthy L, Krishnamurthy V (2013) Influence of PDO on South
Asian summer monsoon-ENSO relation. Clim Dynam 42(9–
10):2397–2410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1856-z
Krishnamurthy L, Krishnamurthy V (2015) Teleconnection of Indian
monsoon rainfall with AMO and Atlantic Tripole. Clim Dynam 46
(7):2269–2285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2701-3
Krishnamurthy V, Goswami BN (2000) Indian monsoon-ENSO
relationship on interdecadal time scales. J Clim 13:579–595.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013%3c0579:IMEROI%
3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2000) Intra-seasonal and inter-annual
variability of rainfall over India. J Clim 13:4366–4377. https://doi.
org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)0132.0.CO;2
Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2007) Intraseasonal and seasonally
persisting patterns of Indian monsoon rainfall. J Clim 20:3–20.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3981.1
Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2008) Seasonal persistence and propagation of intraseasonal patterns over the Indian summer monsoon
region. Clim Dyn 30:353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0070300-7
Krishnamurti TN, Bhalme HN (1976) Oscillations of monsoon system.
Part I. Observational aspects. J Atmos Sci 33(10):1937–1954.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033%3c1937:OOAMSP%
3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnamurti TN, Ramanathan Y (1982) Sensitivity of the monsoon
onset to differential heating. J Atmos Sci 39(6):1290–1306. https://
doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039%3c1290:SOTMOT%3e2.0.
CO;2
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Ayantika DC, Kitoh A, Sugi M, Murakami H,
Turner AG, Slingo JM, Rajendran K (2013) Will the South Asian
monsoon overturning circulation stabilize any further? Clim Dyn
40:187–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1317-0
Krishnan R, Sugi M (2003) Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of
the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Clim Dyn 21(3):233–242.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8
Krishnan R, Zhang C, Sugi M (2000) Dynamics of breaks in the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 57(9):1354–1372. https://doi.org/
10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057%3c1354:DOBITI%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Goswami BN, Hourdin F, Dufresne J-L, Terray P (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon
hydroclimate in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47(3–4):1007–1027.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2886-5
Kulkarni A (2012) Weakening of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in
warming environment. Theor Appl Climatol 109(3–4):447–459.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0591-4
Kulkarni A, Deshpande N, Kothawale DR, Sabade SS, RamaRao MVS,
Sabin TP, Patwardhan S, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R (2017)
Observed climate variability and change over India. In: Krishnan R,
Sanjay J (eds) Climate change over India—an interim report. Centre
for Climate Change Research, IITM, Pune
Kumar P, Rupa Kumar K, Rajeevan M, Sahai AK (2007) On the recent
strengthening of the relationship between ENSO and northeast
monsoon rainfall over South Asia. Clim Dyn 8:649–660
Lawrence DM, Webster PJ (2001) Interannual variations of the
intraseasonal oscillation in the south Asian summer monsoon
region. J Clim 14:2910–2922. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442
(2001)014%3c2910:IVOTIO%3e2.0.CO;2
Li X, Ting M (2015) Recent and future changes in the Asian
monsoon-ENSO relationship: natural or forced? Geophys Res Lett
42(9):3502–3512. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063557
Li Z, Lin X, Cai W (2017) Realism of modelled Indian summer
monsoon correlation with the tropical Indo-Pacific affects projected
monsoon changes. Sci Rep 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-05225-z
Madden R, Julian P (1972) Description of global-scale circulation cells
in the tropics with a 40–50 day period. J Atmos Sci 29(6):1109–
1123
Maheskumar RS et al (2014) Mechanism of high rainfall over the
Indian west coast region during the monsoon season. Clim Dyn
43:1513–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1972-9
Mandke S, Sahai AK, Shinde MA, Joseph S, Chattopadhyay R (2007)
Simulated changes in active/break spells during the Indian summer
monsoon due to enhanced CO 2 concentrations: assessment from
selected coupled atmosphere–ocean global climate models. Int J
Climatol 27(7):837–859. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1440
Mantua NJ, Hare SR (2002) The Pacific decadal oscillation. J Oceanogr
58:35–44
Meehl GA, Arblaster JM, Tebaldi C (2005) Understanding future
patterns of increased precipitation intensity in climate model
simulations. Geophys Res Lett 32:L18719. https://doi.org/10.
1029/2005gl023680
Mehta VM, Lau KM (1997) Influence of solar irradiance on the Indian
monsoon-ENSO relationship at decadal-multidecadal time scales.
Geophys Res Lett 24(2):159–162. https://doi.org/10.1029/
96GL03778
Mei R, Ashfaq M, Rastogi D, Leung L, Dominguez F (2015)
Dominating controls for wetter south Asian Summer Monsoon in
the twenty-first century. J Clim 28(8):3400–3419. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-14-00355.1
Menon A, Levermann A, Schewe J (2013) Enhanced future variability
during India’s rainy season. Geophys Res Lett 40(12):3242–3247.
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50583
Mishra AK, Nagaraju V, Rafiq M, Chandra S (2018) Evidence of links
between regional climate change and precipitation extremes over
India. Weather Roy Meteorol Soc 74(6):218–221. https://doi.org/
10.1002/wea.3259
Mukherjee S, Saran A, Stone D, Mishra V (2017) Increase in extreme
precipitation events under anthropogenic warming in India. Weather
Clim Extrem 20:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2018.03.005
Nageswara Rao G (1999) Variations of the SO relationship with
summer and winter monsoon rainfall over India. 1872–1993. J Clim
12:3486–3495
Nageswararao MN, Sannan MC, Mohanty UC (2019) Characteristics of
various rainfall events over South Peninsular India during northeast
monsoon using high-resolution gridded dataset (1901–2016). Theor
Appl Climatol 137:2573–2973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704018-02755-y
Niyogi D, Kishtawal C, Tripathi S, Govindraju RS (2010) Observational evidence that agricultural intensification and land use change
may be reducing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Water Res
Res 46:W03533. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007082
Noska R, Mishra V (2016) Characterizing the onset and demise of the
Indian summer monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 43:4547–4554. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068409
3 Precipitation Changes in India
69
Kulkarni JR (2004) Intraseasonal oscillations during monsoon 2002
and 2003. Curr Sci 87:325–351
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A, Singh SV (1997) Association of the Indian
summer monsoon with the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude
circulation. Int J Climatol 17:1055–1067. https://doi.org/10.1002/
(SICI)1097-0088(199708)17:10%3c1055:AID-JOC180%3e3.0.
CO;2-3
Kripalani RH, Kumar P (2004) Northeast monsoon rainfall variability
over south peninsular India vis-à-vis Indian Ocean dipole mode.
Int J Climatol 24:1267–1282
Krishna Kumar K, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA (1999) On the weakening
relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science
284:2156–2159. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156
Krishnamurthy L, Krishnamurthy V (2013) Influence of PDO on South
Asian summer monsoon-ENSO relation. Clim Dynam 42(9–
10):2397–2410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1856-z
Krishnamurthy L, Krishnamurthy V (2015) Teleconnection of Indian
monsoon rainfall with AMO and Atlantic Tripole. Clim Dynam 46
(7):2269–2285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2701-3
Krishnamurthy V, Goswami BN (2000) Indian monsoon-ENSO
relationship on interdecadal time scales. J Clim 13:579–595.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013%3c0579:IMEROI%
3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2000) Intra-seasonal and inter-annual
variability of rainfall over India. J Clim 13:4366–4377. https://doi.
org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)0132.0.CO;2
Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2007) Intraseasonal and seasonally
persisting patterns of Indian monsoon rainfall. J Clim 20:3–20.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3981.1
Krishnamurthy V, Shukla J (2008) Seasonal persistence and propagation of intraseasonal patterns over the Indian summer monsoon
region. Clim Dyn 30:353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0070300-7
Krishnamurti TN, Bhalme HN (1976) Oscillations of monsoon system.
Part I. Observational aspects. J Atmos Sci 33(10):1937–1954.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033%3c1937:OOAMSP%
3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnamurti TN, Ramanathan Y (1982) Sensitivity of the monsoon
onset to differential heating. J Atmos Sci 39(6):1290–1306. https://
doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039%3c1290:SOTMOT%3e2.0.
CO;2
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Ayantika DC, Kitoh A, Sugi M, Murakami H,
Turner AG, Slingo JM, Rajendran K (2013) Will the South Asian
monsoon overturning circulation stabilize any further? Clim Dyn
40:187–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1317-0
Krishnan R, Sugi M (2003) Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of
the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Clim Dyn 21(3):233–242.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8
Krishnan R, Zhang C, Sugi M (2000) Dynamics of breaks in the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 57(9):1354–1372. https://doi.org/
10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057%3c1354:DOBITI%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Goswami BN, Hourdin F, Dufresne J-L, Terray P (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon
hydroclimate in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47(3–4):1007–1027.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2886-5
Kulkarni A (2012) Weakening of Indian summer monsoon rainfall in
warming environment. Theor Appl Climatol 109(3–4):447–459.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0591-4
Kulkarni A, Deshpande N, Kothawale DR, Sabade SS, RamaRao MVS,
Sabin TP, Patwardhan S, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R (2017)
Observed climate variability and change over India. In: Krishnan R,
Sanjay J (eds) Climate change over India—an interim report. Centre
for Climate Change Research, IITM, Pune
Kumar P, Rupa Kumar K, Rajeevan M, Sahai AK (2007) On the recent
strengthening of the relationship between ENSO and northeast
monsoon rainfall over South Asia. Clim Dyn 8:649–660
Lawrence DM, Webster PJ (2001) Interannual variations of the
intraseasonal oscillation in the south Asian summer monsoon
region. J Clim 14:2910–2922. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442
(2001)014%3c2910:IVOTIO%3e2.0.CO;2
Li X, Ting M (2015) Recent and future changes in the Asian
monsoon-ENSO relationship: natural or forced? Geophys Res Lett
42(9):3502–3512. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063557
Li Z, Lin X, Cai W (2017) Realism of modelled Indian summer
monsoon correlation with the tropical Indo-Pacific affects projected
monsoon changes. Sci Rep 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-05225-z
Madden R, Julian P (1972) Description of global-scale circulation cells
in the tropics with a 40–50 day period. J Atmos Sci 29(6):1109–
1123
Maheskumar RS et al (2014) Mechanism of high rainfall over the
Indian west coast region during the monsoon season. Clim Dyn
43:1513–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1972-9
Mandke S, Sahai AK, Shinde MA, Joseph S, Chattopadhyay R (2007)
Simulated changes in active/break spells during the Indian summer
monsoon due to enhanced CO 2 concentrations: assessment from
selected coupled atmosphere–ocean global climate models. Int J
Climatol 27(7):837–859. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1440
Mantua NJ, Hare SR (2002) The Pacific decadal oscillation. J Oceanogr
58:35–44
Meehl GA, Arblaster JM, Tebaldi C (2005) Understanding future
patterns of increased precipitation intensity in climate model
simulations. Geophys Res Lett 32:L18719. https://doi.org/10.
1029/2005gl023680
Mehta VM, Lau KM (1997) Influence of solar irradiance on the Indian
monsoon-ENSO relationship at decadal-multidecadal time scales.
Geophys Res Lett 24(2):159–162. https://doi.org/10.1029/
96GL03778
Mei R, Ashfaq M, Rastogi D, Leung L, Dominguez F (2015)
Dominating controls for wetter south Asian Summer Monsoon in
the twenty-first century. J Clim 28(8):3400–3419. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-14-00355.1
Menon A, Levermann A, Schewe J (2013) Enhanced future variability
during India’s rainy season. Geophys Res Lett 40(12):3242–3247.
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50583
Mishra AK, Nagaraju V, Rafiq M, Chandra S (2018) Evidence of links
between regional climate change and precipitation extremes over
India. Weather Roy Meteorol Soc 74(6):218–221. https://doi.org/
10.1002/wea.3259
Mukherjee S, Saran A, Stone D, Mishra V (2017) Increase in extreme
precipitation events under anthropogenic warming in India. Weather
Clim Extrem 20:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2018.03.005
Nageswara Rao G (1999) Variations of the SO relationship with
summer and winter monsoon rainfall over India. 1872–1993. J Clim
12:3486–3495
Nageswararao MN, Sannan MC, Mohanty UC (2019) Characteristics of
various rainfall events over South Peninsular India during northeast
monsoon using high-resolution gridded dataset (1901–2016). Theor
Appl Climatol 137:2573–2973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704018-02755-y
Niyogi D, Kishtawal C, Tripathi S, Govindraju RS (2010) Observational evidence that agricultural intensification and land use change
may be reducing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Water Res
Res 46:W03533. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007082
Noska R, Mishra V (2016) Characterizing the onset and demise of the
Indian summer monsoon. Geophys Res Lett 43:4547–4554. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068409
3 Precipitation Changes in India
69