Fasullo J, Webster PJ (2003) A hydrological definition of Indian
monsoon onset and withdrawal. J Clim 16:3200–3211. https://doi.
org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c3200a:AHDOIM%3e2.0.
CO;2
Fleitmann D, Burns SJ, Mangini A (2007) Holocene ITCZ and Indian
monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen
(Socotra). Quat Sci Rev 26:170–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
quascirev.2006.04.012
Gadgil S (2007) The Indian monsoon: 3. Physics of the monsoon.
Resonance 12(5):4–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-007-0045-y
Gadgil S (2018) The monsoon system: land–sea breeze or the ITCZ?.
J Earth Sys Sci 127(1)
Gadgil S, Vinayachandran PN, Francis PA (2004) Extremes of the
Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian
ocean oscillation. Geophys Res Lett 31:L12213
Ghosh S, Vittal H, Sharma T, Karmakar S, Kasiviswanathan K,
Dhanesh Y, Sudheer K, Gunthe S (2016) Indian summer monsoon
rainfall: implications of contrasting trends in the spatial variability
of means and extremes. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158670. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0158670
Giorgi F et al (2012) RegCM4: model description and preliminary tests
over multiple CORDEX domains. Clim Res 52:7–29
Gnanaseelan C, Roxy MK, Deshpande A (2017) Variability and trends
of sea surface temperature and circulation in the Indian Ocean. In:
Nayak S, Rajeevan M (eds) Observed climate variability and change
over the Indian Region. Springer, Singapore
Goswami BN (2005) Intraseasonal variability (ISV) of south Asian
summer monsoon; In: Lau K, Waliser D (eds) Intraseasonal
variability of the atmosphere-ocean climate system. Springer,
Chichester
Goswami BN (2006) The annual cycle, intraseasonal oscillations and the
roadblock to seasonal predictability of the Asian summer monsoon.
J Clim 19:5078–5098. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3901.1
Goswami BN, Ajayamohan RS (2001) Intraseasonal oscillations and
interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon. J Clim
14:1180–1198.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%
3c1180:IOAIVO%3e2.0.CO;2
Goswami BN, Ajayamohan RS, Xavier PK, Sengupta D (2003)
Clustering of low pressure systems during the Indian summer
monsoon by intra-seasonal oscillations. Geophys Res Lett 30(8).
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016734
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Mdhusoodanan MS,
Xavier PK (2006) Increasing trend of extreme rain events over
india in a warming environment. Science 314(5804):1442–1445.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132027
Goswami BN, Xavier PK (2005) Dynamics of ‘‘internal’’ interannual
variability of the Indian summer monsoon in a GCM. J Geophys
Res 110(D24). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006042
Goswami BN, Chakravorty S (2017) Dynamics of the Indian summer
monsoon climate. Oxford Research Encyclopedia. https://doi.org/
10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613
Guhathakurta P, Rajeevan M (2008) Trends in rainfall patterns over
India. Int J Climatol 28:1453–1469. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1640
Guhathakurta P, Rajeevan M, Sikka DR, Tyagi A (2015) Observed
changes in southwest monsoon rainfall over India during 1901-2011.
Int J Climatol 35(8):1881–1898. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4095
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Pascale S (2013) Hydrological cycle over South
and Southeast Asian river basins as simulated by PCMDI/CMIP3
experiments. Earth Syst Dyn 4:199–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/
esd-4-199-2013
Hawkins E, Sutton R (2009) The potential to narrow uncertainty in
regional climate predictions. Bull Am Meteor Soc 90:1095–1107.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1
IPCC (2013) Climate Change (2013) The physical science basis.
Contribution of working group I to the Fifth assessment report of
the intergovernmental panel on climate change (Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1535 pp
Janowiak JE, Xie P (2003) The global scale examination of monsoon
related precipitation. J Clim 16:4121–4133
Jin Q, Wang C (2017) A revival of Indian summer monsoon rainfall
since 2002. Nat Clim Change 7:585–597. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nclimate3348
Joseph PV, Sabin TP (2008) An Ocean-atmosphere interaction
mechanism for the active break cycle of the Asian summer
monsoon. Clim Dyn 30(6):553–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-007-0305-2
Joseph PV, Simon A (2005) Weakening trend of the southwest
monsoon current through peninsular India from 1950 to the present.
Curr Sci 89(4):687–694
Joseph PV, Bindu G, Preethi B (2016) Impact of the upper tropospheric
cooling trend over Central Asia on the Indian summer monsoon
rainfall and the Bay of Bengal cyclone tracks. Curr Sci 110:2105–
2113
Joshi MK, Rai A (2015) Combined interplay of the Atlantic
multidecadal oscillation and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
on rainfall and its extremes over Indian subcontinent. Clim Dyn 44
(11–12):3339–3359
Karmakar N, Chakraborty A, Nanjundiah R (2015) Decreasing
intensity of monsoon low-frequency intraseasonal variability over
India. Env Res Lett 10(5):054018. https://doi.org/10.1088/17489326/10/5/054018
Karmakar N, Chakraborty A, Nanjundiah R (2017) Increased sporadic
extremes decrease the intraseasonal variability in the Indian summer
monsoon rainfall. Sci Rep 7:7824. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-07529-6
Keshavamurty RN, Sankar Rao M (1992) The physics of monsoons.
Allied Publishers Ltd, Bombay, p 199
Kirtman B et al (2013) Near-term climate change: projections and
predictability. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Kitoh A, Yukimoto S, Noda A, Motoi T (1997) Simulated changes in
the Asian summer monsoon at times of increased atmospheric CO 2 .
J Meteorol Soc Japan 75(6):1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.2151/
jmsj1965.75.6_1019
Koteswaram P (1958) The easterly jet stream in the tropics. Tellus
10:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb01984.xU
Kothawale DR, Munot AA, Borgaonkar HP (2008) Temperature
variability over the Indian Ocean and its relationship with Indian
summer monsoon rainfall. Theor Appl Climotol 92(1–2):31–45.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-006-0291-z
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (2001) Monsoon rainfall variations and
teleconnections over South and East Asia. Int J Clim 21:603–616
Kripalani R, Oh JH, Kulkarni A, Sabade SS, Chaudhari HS (2007)
South Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability: coupled
climate model simulations and projections under IPCC AR4. Theor
Appl Climatol 90(3–4):133–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704006-0282-0
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1997) Climatic impact of El Niño/La Niña
on the Indian monsoon: a new perspective. Weather 52:39–46.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06267.x
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1999) Climatology and variability of
historical Soviet snow depth data: some new perspectives in snow—
Indian monsoon teleconnections. Clim Dyn 15:475–489. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s003820050294
68
A. Kulkarni et al.
monsoon onset and withdrawal. J Clim 16:3200–3211. https://doi.
org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016%3c3200a:AHDOIM%3e2.0.
CO;2
Fleitmann D, Burns SJ, Mangini A (2007) Holocene ITCZ and Indian
monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen
(Socotra). Quat Sci Rev 26:170–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
quascirev.2006.04.012
Gadgil S (2007) The Indian monsoon: 3. Physics of the monsoon.
Resonance 12(5):4–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-007-0045-y
Gadgil S (2018) The monsoon system: land–sea breeze or the ITCZ?.
J Earth Sys Sci 127(1)
Gadgil S, Vinayachandran PN, Francis PA (2004) Extremes of the
Indian summer monsoon rainfall, ENSO and equatorial Indian
ocean oscillation. Geophys Res Lett 31:L12213
Ghosh S, Vittal H, Sharma T, Karmakar S, Kasiviswanathan K,
Dhanesh Y, Sudheer K, Gunthe S (2016) Indian summer monsoon
rainfall: implications of contrasting trends in the spatial variability
of means and extremes. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158670. https://doi.org/
10.1371/journal.pone.0158670
Giorgi F et al (2012) RegCM4: model description and preliminary tests
over multiple CORDEX domains. Clim Res 52:7–29
Gnanaseelan C, Roxy MK, Deshpande A (2017) Variability and trends
of sea surface temperature and circulation in the Indian Ocean. In:
Nayak S, Rajeevan M (eds) Observed climate variability and change
over the Indian Region. Springer, Singapore
Goswami BN (2005) Intraseasonal variability (ISV) of south Asian
summer monsoon; In: Lau K, Waliser D (eds) Intraseasonal
variability of the atmosphere-ocean climate system. Springer,
Chichester
Goswami BN (2006) The annual cycle, intraseasonal oscillations and the
roadblock to seasonal predictability of the Asian summer monsoon.
J Clim 19:5078–5098. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3901.1
Goswami BN, Ajayamohan RS (2001) Intraseasonal oscillations and
interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon. J Clim
14:1180–1198.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014%
3c1180:IOAIVO%3e2.0.CO;2
Goswami BN, Ajayamohan RS, Xavier PK, Sengupta D (2003)
Clustering of low pressure systems during the Indian summer
monsoon by intra-seasonal oscillations. Geophys Res Lett 30(8).
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016734
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D, Mdhusoodanan MS,
Xavier PK (2006) Increasing trend of extreme rain events over
india in a warming environment. Science 314(5804):1442–1445.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132027
Goswami BN, Xavier PK (2005) Dynamics of ‘‘internal’’ interannual
variability of the Indian summer monsoon in a GCM. J Geophys
Res 110(D24). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006042
Goswami BN, Chakravorty S (2017) Dynamics of the Indian summer
monsoon climate. Oxford Research Encyclopedia. https://doi.org/
10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.613
Guhathakurta P, Rajeevan M (2008) Trends in rainfall patterns over
India. Int J Climatol 28:1453–1469. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1640
Guhathakurta P, Rajeevan M, Sikka DR, Tyagi A (2015) Observed
changes in southwest monsoon rainfall over India during 1901-2011.
Int J Climatol 35(8):1881–1898. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4095
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Pascale S (2013) Hydrological cycle over South
and Southeast Asian river basins as simulated by PCMDI/CMIP3
experiments. Earth Syst Dyn 4:199–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/
esd-4-199-2013
Hawkins E, Sutton R (2009) The potential to narrow uncertainty in
regional climate predictions. Bull Am Meteor Soc 90:1095–1107.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1
IPCC (2013) Climate Change (2013) The physical science basis.
Contribution of working group I to the Fifth assessment report of
the intergovernmental panel on climate change (Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds)). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1535 pp
Janowiak JE, Xie P (2003) The global scale examination of monsoon
related precipitation. J Clim 16:4121–4133
Jin Q, Wang C (2017) A revival of Indian summer monsoon rainfall
since 2002. Nat Clim Change 7:585–597. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nclimate3348
Joseph PV, Sabin TP (2008) An Ocean-atmosphere interaction
mechanism for the active break cycle of the Asian summer
monsoon. Clim Dyn 30(6):553–566. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-007-0305-2
Joseph PV, Simon A (2005) Weakening trend of the southwest
monsoon current through peninsular India from 1950 to the present.
Curr Sci 89(4):687–694
Joseph PV, Bindu G, Preethi B (2016) Impact of the upper tropospheric
cooling trend over Central Asia on the Indian summer monsoon
rainfall and the Bay of Bengal cyclone tracks. Curr Sci 110:2105–
2113
Joshi MK, Rai A (2015) Combined interplay of the Atlantic
multidecadal oscillation and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation
on rainfall and its extremes over Indian subcontinent. Clim Dyn 44
(11–12):3339–3359
Karmakar N, Chakraborty A, Nanjundiah R (2015) Decreasing
intensity of monsoon low-frequency intraseasonal variability over
India. Env Res Lett 10(5):054018. https://doi.org/10.1088/17489326/10/5/054018
Karmakar N, Chakraborty A, Nanjundiah R (2017) Increased sporadic
extremes decrease the intraseasonal variability in the Indian summer
monsoon rainfall. Sci Rep 7:7824. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-07529-6
Keshavamurty RN, Sankar Rao M (1992) The physics of monsoons.
Allied Publishers Ltd, Bombay, p 199
Kirtman B et al (2013) Near-term climate change: projections and
predictability. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Kitoh A, Yukimoto S, Noda A, Motoi T (1997) Simulated changes in
the Asian summer monsoon at times of increased atmospheric CO 2 .
J Meteorol Soc Japan 75(6):1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.2151/
jmsj1965.75.6_1019
Koteswaram P (1958) The easterly jet stream in the tropics. Tellus
10:43–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb01984.xU
Kothawale DR, Munot AA, Borgaonkar HP (2008) Temperature
variability over the Indian Ocean and its relationship with Indian
summer monsoon rainfall. Theor Appl Climotol 92(1–2):31–45.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-006-0291-z
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (2001) Monsoon rainfall variations and
teleconnections over South and East Asia. Int J Clim 21:603–616
Kripalani R, Oh JH, Kulkarni A, Sabade SS, Chaudhari HS (2007)
South Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability: coupled
climate model simulations and projections under IPCC AR4. Theor
Appl Climatol 90(3–4):133–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704006-0282-0
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1997) Climatic impact of El Niño/La Niña
on the Indian monsoon: a new perspective. Weather 52:39–46.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06267.x
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1999) Climatology and variability of
historical Soviet snow depth data: some new perspectives in snow—
Indian monsoon teleconnections. Clim Dyn 15:475–489. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s003820050294
68
A. Kulkarni et al.