Das BK, Gaye B, Malik MA (2010) Biogeochemistry and paleoclimate
variability during the Holocene: a record from Mansar Lake lesser
Himalaya. Environ Earth Sci 61(3):565–574
Dee DP et al (2011) The ERA-interim reanalysis: configuration and
performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R Meteorol Soc
137(656):553–597
Dileepkumar R, AchutaRao K, Arulalan T (2018) Human influence on
sub-regional surface air temperature change over India. Sci Rep
8:8967. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27185-8
Dimri AP, Kumar D, Choudhary A, Maharana P (2018a) Future
changes over the Himalayas: mean temperature. Glob Planet Chang
162:235–251
Dimri AP, Kumar D, Choudhary A, Maharana P (2018b) Future
changes over the Himalayas: maximum and minimum temperature.
Glob Planet Chang 162:212–234
Dosio A, Mentaschi L, Fischer EM, Wyser K (2018) Extreme heat
waves under 1.5 and 2 °C global warming. Environ Res Lett 13.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab827
Esper J, Schweingruber FH, Winiger M (2002) 1300 years of climatic
history for western central Asia inferred from tree-rings. Holocene
12(3):267–277
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B, Braconnot P, Chou SC, Collins W,
Cox P, Driouech F, Emori S, Eyring V, Forest C, Gleckler P,
Guilyardi E, Jakob C, Kattsov V, Reason C, Rummukainen M
(2013) Evaluation of climate models. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA. p 741–866. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9781107415324.020
Giorgi F, Coppola E, Solmon F et al (2012) RegCM4: model
description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains.
Climate Res 52:7–29
Giorgi F, Mearns LO (2002) Calculation of average, uncertainty range,
and reliability of regional climate changes from AOGCM simulations via the ‘reliability ensemble averaging’ (REA) method. J Clim
15:1141–1158
Harris I, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Lister DH (2014) Updated
high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations—the CRU
TS3.10 Dataset. Int J Climatol 34(3):623–642
Hartmann DL, Klein Tank AMG, Rusticucci M, Alexander LV,
Brönnimann S, Charabi Y, Dentener FJ, Dlugokencky EJ, Easterling DR, Kaplan A, Soden BJ, Thorne PW, Wild M, Zhai PM
(2013) Observations: atmosphere and surface. In: Stocker TF,
Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A,
Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA. p 159–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9781107415324.008
Hasson S, Böhner J, Chishtie F (2018) Low fidelity of CORDEX and
their driving experiments indicates future climatic uncertainty over
Himalayan watersheds of Indus basin. Clim Dyn 52(1):777–798
Hughes MK (2001) An improved reconstruction of summer temperature at Srinagar, Kashmir since 1660 AD based on tree-ring width
and maximum latewood density of Abiespindrow (Royle) Spach.
Palaeobotanist 50:13–19
Im E-S, Pal JS, Eltahir EAB (2017) Deadly heat waves projected in the
densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia. Sci Adv 3
(8):1–7
IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. In:
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J,
Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Contribution of
working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY. p 1535. https://
doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324
Jain SK, Kumar V (2012) Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature
data for India. Curr Sci 102(1):37–49
Juyal N, Pant RK, Basavaiah N, Bhushan R, Jain M, Saini NK,
Yadava MG, Singhvi AK (2009) Reconstruction of Last Glacial to
early Holocene monsoon variability from relict lake sediments of
the Higher Central Himalaya, Uttrakhand, India. J Asian Earth Sci
34(3):437–449
Kothawale DR, Munot AA, Krishna Kumar K (2010a) Surface air
temperature variability over India during 1901–2007, and its
association with ENSO. Climate Res 42(2):89–104
Kothawale DR, Revadekar JV, Rupa Kumar K (2010b) Recent trends
in pre-monsoon daily temperature extremes over India. J Earth Syst
Sci 119:51–65
Kothawale DR, Deshpande NR, Kolli RK (2016) Long term
temperature trends at major, medium, small cities and hill stations
in India during the period 1901–2013. Am J Clim Chang 5
(3):383–398
Kothawale DR, Singh HN (2017) Recent trends in tropospheric
temperature over India during the period 1971–2015. Earth Space
Sci 4(5):240–246
Kothawale DR, Rupa Kumar K (2005) On the recent changes in surface
temperature trends over India, Geophysical. Res Lett 32. http://doi.
org/10.1029/2005GL023528
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Goswami BN, Hourdin F, Dufresne JL, Terray P (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon hydroclimate
in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47(3):1007–1027
Krusic PJ, Cook ER, Dukpa D, Putnam AE, Rupper S, Schaefer J
(2015) Six hundred thirty-eight years of summer temperature
variability over the Bhutanese Himalaya. Geophys Res Lett 42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063566
Kulkarni A, Deshpande N, Kothawale DR, Sabade SS, Ramarao MVS,
Sabin TP, Patwardhan S, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R (2017)
Observed climate variability and change over India. In: Krishnan R,
Sanjay J (eds) Climate change over India—an interim report.
Published by Centre for Climate Change Research, IITM, p 38.
http://cccr.tropmet.res.in/home/reports.jsp
Lafon T, Dadson S, Buysa G, Prudhomme C (2013) Bias correction of
daily precipitation simulated by a regional climate model: a
comparison of methods. Int J Climatol 33:1367–1381
Mishra V (2015) Climatic uncertainty in Himalayan water towers.
J Geophys Res Atmos 120(7):2689–2705
Mishra V, Mukherjee S, Kumar R, Stone DA (2017) Heat wave
exposure in India in current, 1.5 and 2.0 °C worlds. Environ Res
Lett 12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9388
Mukhopadhyay P, Jaswal AK, Deshpande M (2017) Variability and
trends of atmospheric moisture over the Indian region. In:
Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate variability and
change over the Indian region, pp 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-981-10-2531-0_8
Murari KK, Ghosh S, Patwardhan A, Daly E, Salvi K (2015)
Intensification of future severe heat waves in India and their effect
on heat stress and mortality. Reg Environ Change 15(4):569–579
Nengker T, Choudhary A, Dimri AP (2018) Assessment of the
performance of CORDEX-SA experiments in simulating seasonal
mean temperature over the Himalayan region for the present
climate: part I. Clim Dyn 50(7):2411–2441
Padma Kumari B, Goswami BN (2010) Seminal role of clouds on solar
dimming over the Indian monsoon region. Geophys Res Lett 37:
L06703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042133
2 Temperature Changes in India
43
variability during the Holocene: a record from Mansar Lake lesser
Himalaya. Environ Earth Sci 61(3):565–574
Dee DP et al (2011) The ERA-interim reanalysis: configuration and
performance of the data assimilation system. Q J R Meteorol Soc
137(656):553–597
Dileepkumar R, AchutaRao K, Arulalan T (2018) Human influence on
sub-regional surface air temperature change over India. Sci Rep
8:8967. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27185-8
Dimri AP, Kumar D, Choudhary A, Maharana P (2018a) Future
changes over the Himalayas: mean temperature. Glob Planet Chang
162:235–251
Dimri AP, Kumar D, Choudhary A, Maharana P (2018b) Future
changes over the Himalayas: maximum and minimum temperature.
Glob Planet Chang 162:212–234
Dosio A, Mentaschi L, Fischer EM, Wyser K (2018) Extreme heat
waves under 1.5 and 2 °C global warming. Environ Res Lett 13.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab827
Esper J, Schweingruber FH, Winiger M (2002) 1300 years of climatic
history for western central Asia inferred from tree-rings. Holocene
12(3):267–277
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B, Braconnot P, Chou SC, Collins W,
Cox P, Driouech F, Emori S, Eyring V, Forest C, Gleckler P,
Guilyardi E, Jakob C, Kattsov V, Reason C, Rummukainen M
(2013) Evaluation of climate models. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA. p 741–866. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9781107415324.020
Giorgi F, Coppola E, Solmon F et al (2012) RegCM4: model
description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains.
Climate Res 52:7–29
Giorgi F, Mearns LO (2002) Calculation of average, uncertainty range,
and reliability of regional climate changes from AOGCM simulations via the ‘reliability ensemble averaging’ (REA) method. J Clim
15:1141–1158
Harris I, Jones PD, Osborn TJ, Lister DH (2014) Updated
high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations—the CRU
TS3.10 Dataset. Int J Climatol 34(3):623–642
Hartmann DL, Klein Tank AMG, Rusticucci M, Alexander LV,
Brönnimann S, Charabi Y, Dentener FJ, Dlugokencky EJ, Easterling DR, Kaplan A, Soden BJ, Thorne PW, Wild M, Zhai PM
(2013) Observations: atmosphere and surface. In: Stocker TF,
Qin D, Plattner GK, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A,
Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA. p 159–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9781107415324.008
Hasson S, Böhner J, Chishtie F (2018) Low fidelity of CORDEX and
their driving experiments indicates future climatic uncertainty over
Himalayan watersheds of Indus basin. Clim Dyn 52(1):777–798
Hughes MK (2001) An improved reconstruction of summer temperature at Srinagar, Kashmir since 1660 AD based on tree-ring width
and maximum latewood density of Abiespindrow (Royle) Spach.
Palaeobotanist 50:13–19
Im E-S, Pal JS, Eltahir EAB (2017) Deadly heat waves projected in the
densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia. Sci Adv 3
(8):1–7
IPCC (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. In:
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J,
Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Contribution of
working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY. p 1535. https://
doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324
Jain SK, Kumar V (2012) Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature
data for India. Curr Sci 102(1):37–49
Juyal N, Pant RK, Basavaiah N, Bhushan R, Jain M, Saini NK,
Yadava MG, Singhvi AK (2009) Reconstruction of Last Glacial to
early Holocene monsoon variability from relict lake sediments of
the Higher Central Himalaya, Uttrakhand, India. J Asian Earth Sci
34(3):437–449
Kothawale DR, Munot AA, Krishna Kumar K (2010a) Surface air
temperature variability over India during 1901–2007, and its
association with ENSO. Climate Res 42(2):89–104
Kothawale DR, Revadekar JV, Rupa Kumar K (2010b) Recent trends
in pre-monsoon daily temperature extremes over India. J Earth Syst
Sci 119:51–65
Kothawale DR, Deshpande NR, Kolli RK (2016) Long term
temperature trends at major, medium, small cities and hill stations
in India during the period 1901–2013. Am J Clim Chang 5
(3):383–398
Kothawale DR, Singh HN (2017) Recent trends in tropospheric
temperature over India during the period 1971–2015. Earth Space
Sci 4(5):240–246
Kothawale DR, Rupa Kumar K (2005) On the recent changes in surface
temperature trends over India, Geophysical. Res Lett 32. http://doi.
org/10.1029/2005GL023528
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Goswami BN, Hourdin F, Dufresne JL, Terray P (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon hydroclimate
in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47(3):1007–1027
Krusic PJ, Cook ER, Dukpa D, Putnam AE, Rupper S, Schaefer J
(2015) Six hundred thirty-eight years of summer temperature
variability over the Bhutanese Himalaya. Geophys Res Lett 42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063566
Kulkarni A, Deshpande N, Kothawale DR, Sabade SS, Ramarao MVS,
Sabin TP, Patwardhan S, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R (2017)
Observed climate variability and change over India. In: Krishnan R,
Sanjay J (eds) Climate change over India—an interim report.
Published by Centre for Climate Change Research, IITM, p 38.
http://cccr.tropmet.res.in/home/reports.jsp
Lafon T, Dadson S, Buysa G, Prudhomme C (2013) Bias correction of
daily precipitation simulated by a regional climate model: a
comparison of methods. Int J Climatol 33:1367–1381
Mishra V (2015) Climatic uncertainty in Himalayan water towers.
J Geophys Res Atmos 120(7):2689–2705
Mishra V, Mukherjee S, Kumar R, Stone DA (2017) Heat wave
exposure in India in current, 1.5 and 2.0 °C worlds. Environ Res
Lett 12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9388
Mukhopadhyay P, Jaswal AK, Deshpande M (2017) Variability and
trends of atmospheric moisture over the Indian region. In:
Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate variability and
change over the Indian region, pp 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-981-10-2531-0_8
Murari KK, Ghosh S, Patwardhan A, Daly E, Salvi K (2015)
Intensification of future severe heat waves in India and their effect
on heat stress and mortality. Reg Environ Change 15(4):569–579
Nengker T, Choudhary A, Dimri AP (2018) Assessment of the
performance of CORDEX-SA experiments in simulating seasonal
mean temperature over the Himalayan region for the present
climate: part I. Clim Dyn 50(7):2411–2441
Padma Kumari B, Goswami BN (2010) Seminal role of clouds on solar
dimming over the Indian monsoon region. Geophys Res Lett 37:
L06703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL042133
2 Temperature Changes in India
43