Padma Kumari B, Londhe AL, Daniel S, Jadhav DB (2007) Observational evidence of solar dimming: offsetting surface warming over
India. Geophys Res Lett 34:L21810. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2007GL031133
Padma Kumari B, Jaswal AK, Goswami BN (2013) Decrease in
evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on
regional hydrological cycle. Clim Change 121:787–799. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0957-3
Pant GB, Borgaonkar HP, Rupa Kumar K (1998) Climatic signals from
tree-rings: a dendro climatic investigation of Himalayan spruce
(piceasmithiana). Himalayan Geol 19(2):65–73
Pai DS, Srivastava AK, Smitha Anil Nair (2017) Heat and cold waves
over India. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate
variability and change over the Indian region. Springer Geology,
pp 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0_4
Peterson TC, Vose RS, Schmoyer R, Razuvaev V (1998) Global
Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of
monthly temperature data. Int J Climatol 18:1169–1179
Rai A, Joshi MK, Pandey AC (2012) Variations in diurnal temperature
range over India: under global warming scenario. J Geophys Res
117, D02114. http://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016697
Ratnam JV, Behera SK, Ratna SB, Rajeevan M, Yamagata T (2016)
Anatomy of Indian heat waves. Sci Rep 6, 24395. https://doi.org/10.
1038/srep24395
Revadekar J, Kothawale D, Patwardhan S, Pant G, Kumar K (2012)
About the observed and future changes in temperature extremes
over India. Nat Hazards 60(3):1133–1155
Rohde R, Muller R, Jacobsen R, Perlmutter S, Rosenfeld A et al (2013)
Berkeley earth temperature averaging process. Geoinfor Geostat
Overv 1:2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2327-4581.1000103
Rohini P, Rajeevan M, Srivastava AK (2016) On the variability and
increasing trends of heat waves over India. Sci Rep 6, 26153.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26153
Rohini P, Rajeevan M, Mukhopadhay P (2019) Future projections of
heat waves over India from CMIP5 models. Clim Dyn 53:975–988.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04700-9
Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of
Indian ocean warming. J Clim 27(22):8501–8509
Roxy MK, et al (2015) Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian
ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nature
Comm 6, 7423. http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8423
Rupa Kumar K, Krishna Kumar K, Pant GB (1994) Diurnal asymmetry
of surface temperature trends over India. Geophys Res Lett 21:677–
680
Russo S, Sillmann J, Ster A (2017) Humid heat waves at different
warming levels. Sci Rep 7, 7477. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-07536-7
Samuelsson P, Jones CG, Willen U et al (2011) The rossby centre
regional climate model RCA3: model description and performance.
Tellus 63(1):4–23
Sanjay J, Ramarao MVS, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R (2017a) Regional
climate change scenarios. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S
(eds) Observed climate variability and change over the Indian
region. Springer Geology, pp 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978981-10-2531-0_16
Sanjay J, Krishnan R, Shrestha AB, Rajbhandari R, Ren G-Y (2017b)
Downscaled climate change projections for the Hindu Kush
Himalayan region using CORDEX South Asia regional climate
models. Adv Clim Chang Res 8(3):185–198. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.accre.2017.08.003
Sen Roy S, Balling RC (2005) Analysis of trends in maximum and
minimum temperature, diurnal temperature range, and cloud cover
over India. Geophys Res Lett 32:L12702. http://doi.org/10.1029/
2004GL022201
Sengupta A, Rajeevan M (2013) Uncertainty quantification and
reliability analysis of CMIP5 projections for the Indian summer
monsoon. Curr Sci 105:1692–1703
Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF (2006) Development of a 50-year
high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land
surface modeling. J Clim 19(13):3088–3111
Sharma S, Mujumdar P (2017) Increasing frequency and spatial extent
of concurrent meteorological droughts and heatwaves in India. Sci
Rep 7, 15582. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15896-3
Singh S, Ghosh S, Sahana AS, VittalH Karmakar S (2017) Do dynamic
regional models add value to the global model projections of Indian
monsoon? Clim Dyn 48(3):1375–1397
Singh R, AchutRao K (2018) Quantifying uncertainty in twenty-first
century climate change over India. Clim Dyn 52(7):3905–3928
Sonali P, Nanjundiah RS, Kumar DN (2018) Detection and attribution
of climate change signals in South India maximum and minimum
temperatures. Climate Res 76(2):145–160
Soni VK, Pandithurai G, Pai DS (2012) Evaluation of long-term
changes of solar radiation in India. Int J Climatol 32(4):540–551
Srivastava AK, Rajeevan M, Kshirsagar SR (2009) Development of a
high resolution daily gridded temperature data set (1969–2005) for
the Indian region. Atmos Sci Lett 10(4):249–254
Srivastava AK, Kothawale DR, Rajeevan MN (2017) Variability and
long-term changes in surface air temperatures over the Indian
subcontinent. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate
variability and change over the Indian region. Springer Geology,
pp 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0_2
Srivastava AK, Revadekar JV, Rajeevan M (2019) South Asia in “State
of the climate in 2018”. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 100(9):S236–S240.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Thapa UK, Shah SK, Gaire NP et al (2015) Climate dynamics spring
temperatures in the far-western Nepal Himalaya since AD
1640 reconstructed from Piceasmithiana tree-ring widths 45:2069–
2081
Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:485–498
Thrasher B, Maurer EP, McKellar C, Duffy PB (2012) Technical note:
bias correcting climate model simulated daily temperature extremes
with quantile mapping. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 16(9):3309–3314
Vinnarasi R, Dhanya CT, Chakravorty A, AghaKouchak A (2017)
Unravelling diurnal asymmetry of surface temperature in different
climate zones. Sci Rep 7(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-07627-5
Willett KM, Gillett NP, Jones PD, Thorne PW (2007) Attribution of
observed surface humidity changes to human influence. Nature
449:710–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06207
Willett KM, Dunn RJH, Thorne PW, Bell S, de Podesta M, Parker DE,
Jones PD, Williams CN Jr (2014) HadISDH land surface
multi-variable humidity and temperature record for climate monitoring. Clim Past 10(6):1983–2006
Wood AW, Leung LR, Sridhar V, Lettenmaier DP (2004) Hydrologic
implications of dynamical and statistical approaches to downscaling
climate model outputs. Clim Chang 62:189–216
Wu X, Shao X (1995) Status and prospects of dendrochronological
study in Tibetan Plateau. Dendrochronologia 13:89–98
Yadav RR, Park WK, Bhattacharya A (1999) Spring temperature
variations in the western Himalayan region as reconstructed from
tree-rings: AD 1390–1987. Holocene 9(1):85–90
Yadav RR, Braeuning A, Singh J (2011) Tree ring inferred summer
temperature variations over the last millennium in western
Himalaya, India. Clim Dyn 36(7):1545–1554.
Yadava AK, Yadav RR, Misra KG, Singh J, Singh D (2015) Tree ring
evidence of late summer warming in Sikkim, northeast India. Quat
Int 371:175–180
44
J. Sanjay et al.
India. Geophys Res Lett 34:L21810. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2007GL031133
Padma Kumari B, Jaswal AK, Goswami BN (2013) Decrease in
evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on
regional hydrological cycle. Clim Change 121:787–799. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0957-3
Pant GB, Borgaonkar HP, Rupa Kumar K (1998) Climatic signals from
tree-rings: a dendro climatic investigation of Himalayan spruce
(piceasmithiana). Himalayan Geol 19(2):65–73
Pai DS, Srivastava AK, Smitha Anil Nair (2017) Heat and cold waves
over India. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate
variability and change over the Indian region. Springer Geology,
pp 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0_4
Peterson TC, Vose RS, Schmoyer R, Razuvaev V (1998) Global
Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) quality control of
monthly temperature data. Int J Climatol 18:1169–1179
Rai A, Joshi MK, Pandey AC (2012) Variations in diurnal temperature
range over India: under global warming scenario. J Geophys Res
117, D02114. http://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016697
Ratnam JV, Behera SK, Ratna SB, Rajeevan M, Yamagata T (2016)
Anatomy of Indian heat waves. Sci Rep 6, 24395. https://doi.org/10.
1038/srep24395
Revadekar J, Kothawale D, Patwardhan S, Pant G, Kumar K (2012)
About the observed and future changes in temperature extremes
over India. Nat Hazards 60(3):1133–1155
Rohde R, Muller R, Jacobsen R, Perlmutter S, Rosenfeld A et al (2013)
Berkeley earth temperature averaging process. Geoinfor Geostat
Overv 1:2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2327-4581.1000103
Rohini P, Rajeevan M, Srivastava AK (2016) On the variability and
increasing trends of heat waves over India. Sci Rep 6, 26153.
https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26153
Rohini P, Rajeevan M, Mukhopadhay P (2019) Future projections of
heat waves over India from CMIP5 models. Clim Dyn 53:975–988.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04700-9
Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of
Indian ocean warming. J Clim 27(22):8501–8509
Roxy MK, et al (2015) Drying of Indian subcontinent by rapid Indian
ocean warming and a weakening land-sea thermal gradient. Nature
Comm 6, 7423. http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8423
Rupa Kumar K, Krishna Kumar K, Pant GB (1994) Diurnal asymmetry
of surface temperature trends over India. Geophys Res Lett 21:677–
680
Russo S, Sillmann J, Ster A (2017) Humid heat waves at different
warming levels. Sci Rep 7, 7477. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-07536-7
Samuelsson P, Jones CG, Willen U et al (2011) The rossby centre
regional climate model RCA3: model description and performance.
Tellus 63(1):4–23
Sanjay J, Ramarao MVS, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R (2017a) Regional
climate change scenarios. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S
(eds) Observed climate variability and change over the Indian
region. Springer Geology, pp 285–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/978981-10-2531-0_16
Sanjay J, Krishnan R, Shrestha AB, Rajbhandari R, Ren G-Y (2017b)
Downscaled climate change projections for the Hindu Kush
Himalayan region using CORDEX South Asia regional climate
models. Adv Clim Chang Res 8(3):185–198. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.accre.2017.08.003
Sen Roy S, Balling RC (2005) Analysis of trends in maximum and
minimum temperature, diurnal temperature range, and cloud cover
over India. Geophys Res Lett 32:L12702. http://doi.org/10.1029/
2004GL022201
Sengupta A, Rajeevan M (2013) Uncertainty quantification and
reliability analysis of CMIP5 projections for the Indian summer
monsoon. Curr Sci 105:1692–1703
Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF (2006) Development of a 50-year
high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land
surface modeling. J Clim 19(13):3088–3111
Sharma S, Mujumdar P (2017) Increasing frequency and spatial extent
of concurrent meteorological droughts and heatwaves in India. Sci
Rep 7, 15582. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15896-3
Singh S, Ghosh S, Sahana AS, VittalH Karmakar S (2017) Do dynamic
regional models add value to the global model projections of Indian
monsoon? Clim Dyn 48(3):1375–1397
Singh R, AchutRao K (2018) Quantifying uncertainty in twenty-first
century climate change over India. Clim Dyn 52(7):3905–3928
Sonali P, Nanjundiah RS, Kumar DN (2018) Detection and attribution
of climate change signals in South India maximum and minimum
temperatures. Climate Res 76(2):145–160
Soni VK, Pandithurai G, Pai DS (2012) Evaluation of long-term
changes of solar radiation in India. Int J Climatol 32(4):540–551
Srivastava AK, Rajeevan M, Kshirsagar SR (2009) Development of a
high resolution daily gridded temperature data set (1969–2005) for
the Indian region. Atmos Sci Lett 10(4):249–254
Srivastava AK, Kothawale DR, Rajeevan MN (2017) Variability and
long-term changes in surface air temperatures over the Indian
subcontinent. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate
variability and change over the Indian region. Springer Geology,
pp 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0_2
Srivastava AK, Revadekar JV, Rajeevan M (2019) South Asia in “State
of the climate in 2018”. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 100(9):S236–S240.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2019BAMSStateoftheClimate.1
Thapa UK, Shah SK, Gaire NP et al (2015) Climate dynamics spring
temperatures in the far-western Nepal Himalaya since AD
1640 reconstructed from Piceasmithiana tree-ring widths 45:2069–
2081
Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 93:485–498
Thrasher B, Maurer EP, McKellar C, Duffy PB (2012) Technical note:
bias correcting climate model simulated daily temperature extremes
with quantile mapping. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 16(9):3309–3314
Vinnarasi R, Dhanya CT, Chakravorty A, AghaKouchak A (2017)
Unravelling diurnal asymmetry of surface temperature in different
climate zones. Sci Rep 7(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598017-07627-5
Willett KM, Gillett NP, Jones PD, Thorne PW (2007) Attribution of
observed surface humidity changes to human influence. Nature
449:710–712. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06207
Willett KM, Dunn RJH, Thorne PW, Bell S, de Podesta M, Parker DE,
Jones PD, Williams CN Jr (2014) HadISDH land surface
multi-variable humidity and temperature record for climate monitoring. Clim Past 10(6):1983–2006
Wood AW, Leung LR, Sridhar V, Lettenmaier DP (2004) Hydrologic
implications of dynamical and statistical approaches to downscaling
climate model outputs. Clim Chang 62:189–216
Wu X, Shao X (1995) Status and prospects of dendrochronological
study in Tibetan Plateau. Dendrochronologia 13:89–98
Yadav RR, Park WK, Bhattacharya A (1999) Spring temperature
variations in the western Himalayan region as reconstructed from
tree-rings: AD 1390–1987. Holocene 9(1):85–90
Yadav RR, Braeuning A, Singh J (2011) Tree ring inferred summer
temperature variations over the last millennium in western
Himalaya, India. Clim Dyn 36(7):1545–1554.
Yadava AK, Yadav RR, Misra KG, Singh J, Singh D (2015) Tree ring
evidence of late summer warming in Sikkim, northeast India. Quat
Int 371:175–180
44
J. Sanjay et al.