the characteristics of floods and droughts in India associated
with changes in precipitation. Chapter 7 discusses synoptic
scale systems including trends in monsoon depressions and
western disturbances. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 discuss the
changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme storms,
trends and projections of sea level rise and its variability
along the Indian coast, and historical changes and projections of warming of the Indian Ocean and changes in its heat
content. Chapter 11 discusses observed and projected
changes in temperature, snowfall, and glaciers in the Hindu
Kush Himalayas. Chapter 12 closes with a brief outline of
the potential impacts of climate change pertinent to India and
policies that may help advance adaption and mitigation
efforts.
Comprehensive assessments of the societal and sectoral
impacts of regional climate change will require targeted
research and are beyond the scope of this report.
References
Allen, M.R., O.P. Dube, W. Solecki, F. Aragón-Durand, W. Cramer, S.
Humphreys, M. Kainuma, J. Kala, N. Mahowald, Y. Mulugetta, R.
Perez, M. Wairiu, and K. Zickfeld, 2018: Framing and Context. In:
Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts
of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related
global GHG emissions pathways, in the context of strengthening the
global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable
development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte,
V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A.
Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.
R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T.
Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]
Ali H, Mishra V (2018) Increase in subdaily precipitation extremes in
india under 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming worlds. Geophys Res Lett 45
(14):6972–6982
Bindoff NL, Stott PA, AchutaRao KM, Allen MR, Gillett N, Gutzler D,
Hansingo K, Hegerl G, Hu Y, Jain S, Mokhov II, Overland J,
Perlwitz J, Sebbari R, Zhang X (2013) Detection and attribution of
climate change: from global to regional. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bollasina MA, Ming Y, Ramaswamy V (2011) Anthropogenic aerosols
and the weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Science
334:502–505
Boos WR, Kuang Z (2010) Dominant control of the South Asian
monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature
463:218–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08707
Burkett VR, Suarez AG, Bindi M, Conde C, Mukerji R, Prather MJ, St.
Clair AL, Yohe GW (2014) Point of departure. In: Field CB,
Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE,
Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B,
Kissel ES, Levy AN, MacCracken S, Mastrandrea PR, White LL
(eds) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability.
Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group
II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on
climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 169–
194
Calel R, Stainforth DA (2017) On the physics of three integrated
assessment models. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 98:1199–1216. https://
doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0034.1
Choudhury AD, Krishnan R (2011) Dynamical response of the South
Asian Monsoon trough to latent heating from stratiform and
convective precipitation. J Atmos Sci 68(6):1347–1363. https://doi.
org/10.1175/2011JAS3705.1
Choudhury AD, Krishnan R, Ramarao MVS, Vellore R, Singh M,
Mapes B (2018) A phenomenological paradigm for midtropospheric
cyclogenesis in the Indian summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 75
(9):2931–2954. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0356.1
Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Jevrejeva S,
Levermann A, Merrifield MA, Milne GA, Nerem RS, Nunn PD,
Payne AJ, Pfeffer WT, Stammer D, Unnikrishnan AS (2013) Sea
level change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Collins M, Knutti R, Arblaster J, Dufresne J-L, Fichefet T, Friedlingstein P, Gao X, Gutowski WJ, Johns T, Krinner G, Shongwe M,
Tebaldi C, Weaver AJ, Wehner M (2013) Long-term climate
change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. In:
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK,
Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate
change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working
group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cowtan K, Hausfather Z, Hawkins E, Jacobs P, Mann ME, Miller SK,
Steinman BA, Stolpe MB, Way RG (2015) Robust comparison of
climate models with observations using blended land air and ocean
sea surface temperatures. Geophys Res Lett 42:6526–6534. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064888
Dileepkumar R, AchutaRao K, Arulalan T (2018) Human influence on
sub-regional surface air temperature change over India. Sci Rep 8
(1):8967. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27185-8
Dimri AP, Niyogi D, Barros AP, Ridley J, Mohanty UC, Yasunari T,
Sikka DR (2015) Western disturbances: a review. Rev Geophys.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000460
Du Y, Xie S-P (2008) Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical
Indian Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models.
Geophys Res Lett 35:L08712. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033631
Eyring V, Bony S, Meehl G, Senior C, Stevens B, Stouffer R, Taylor K
(2016) Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project
phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci
Model Dev 9(5):1937–1958. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-19372016
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B, Braconnot P, Chou SC, Collins W,
Cox P, Driouech F, Emori S, Eyring V, Forest C, Gleckler P,
Guilyardi E, Jakob C, Kattsov V, Reason C, Rummukainen M
(2013) Evaluation of climate models. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Gadgil S (2003) The Indian monsoon and its variability. Annu Rev
Earth Planet Sci 31:429–467
Hartmann DL, Klein Tank AMG, Rusticucci M, Alexander LV,
Brönnimann S, Charabi Y, Dentener FJ, Dlugokencky EJ, Easterling DR, Kaplan A, Soden BJ, Thorne PW, Wild M, Zhai PM
(2013) Observations: atmosphere and surface. In: Stocker TF,
1 Introduction to Climate Change Over the Indian Region
17
with changes in precipitation. Chapter 7 discusses synoptic
scale systems including trends in monsoon depressions and
western disturbances. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 discuss the
changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme storms,
trends and projections of sea level rise and its variability
along the Indian coast, and historical changes and projections of warming of the Indian Ocean and changes in its heat
content. Chapter 11 discusses observed and projected
changes in temperature, snowfall, and glaciers in the Hindu
Kush Himalayas. Chapter 12 closes with a brief outline of
the potential impacts of climate change pertinent to India and
policies that may help advance adaption and mitigation
efforts.
Comprehensive assessments of the societal and sectoral
impacts of regional climate change will require targeted
research and are beyond the scope of this report.
References
Allen, M.R., O.P. Dube, W. Solecki, F. Aragón-Durand, W. Cramer, S.
Humphreys, M. Kainuma, J. Kala, N. Mahowald, Y. Mulugetta, R.
Perez, M. Wairiu, and K. Zickfeld, 2018: Framing and Context. In:
Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts
of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related
global GHG emissions pathways, in the context of strengthening the
global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable
development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte,
V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A.
Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.
R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T.
Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]
Ali H, Mishra V (2018) Increase in subdaily precipitation extremes in
india under 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming worlds. Geophys Res Lett 45
(14):6972–6982
Bindoff NL, Stott PA, AchutaRao KM, Allen MR, Gillett N, Gutzler D,
Hansingo K, Hegerl G, Hu Y, Jain S, Mokhov II, Overland J,
Perlwitz J, Sebbari R, Zhang X (2013) Detection and attribution of
climate change: from global to regional. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bollasina MA, Ming Y, Ramaswamy V (2011) Anthropogenic aerosols
and the weakening of the South Asian summer monsoon. Science
334:502–505
Boos WR, Kuang Z (2010) Dominant control of the South Asian
monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature
463:218–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08707
Burkett VR, Suarez AG, Bindi M, Conde C, Mukerji R, Prather MJ, St.
Clair AL, Yohe GW (2014) Point of departure. In: Field CB,
Barros VR, Dokken DJ, Mach KJ, Mastrandrea MD, Bilir TE,
Chatterjee M, Ebi KL, Estrada YO, Genova RC, Girma B,
Kissel ES, Levy AN, MacCracken S, Mastrandrea PR, White LL
(eds) Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability.
Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group
II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on
climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 169–
194
Calel R, Stainforth DA (2017) On the physics of three integrated
assessment models. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 98:1199–1216. https://
doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0034.1
Choudhury AD, Krishnan R (2011) Dynamical response of the South
Asian Monsoon trough to latent heating from stratiform and
convective precipitation. J Atmos Sci 68(6):1347–1363. https://doi.
org/10.1175/2011JAS3705.1
Choudhury AD, Krishnan R, Ramarao MVS, Vellore R, Singh M,
Mapes B (2018) A phenomenological paradigm for midtropospheric
cyclogenesis in the Indian summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 75
(9):2931–2954. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0356.1
Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Jevrejeva S,
Levermann A, Merrifield MA, Milne GA, Nerem RS, Nunn PD,
Payne AJ, Pfeffer WT, Stammer D, Unnikrishnan AS (2013) Sea
level change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge
Collins M, Knutti R, Arblaster J, Dufresne J-L, Fichefet T, Friedlingstein P, Gao X, Gutowski WJ, Johns T, Krinner G, Shongwe M,
Tebaldi C, Weaver AJ, Wehner M (2013) Long-term climate
change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. In:
Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK,
Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate
change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working
group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cowtan K, Hausfather Z, Hawkins E, Jacobs P, Mann ME, Miller SK,
Steinman BA, Stolpe MB, Way RG (2015) Robust comparison of
climate models with observations using blended land air and ocean
sea surface temperatures. Geophys Res Lett 42:6526–6534. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064888
Dileepkumar R, AchutaRao K, Arulalan T (2018) Human influence on
sub-regional surface air temperature change over India. Sci Rep 8
(1):8967. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27185-8
Dimri AP, Niyogi D, Barros AP, Ridley J, Mohanty UC, Yasunari T,
Sikka DR (2015) Western disturbances: a review. Rev Geophys.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000460
Du Y, Xie S-P (2008) Role of atmospheric adjustments in the tropical
Indian Ocean warming during the 20th century in climate models.
Geophys Res Lett 35:L08712. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033631
Eyring V, Bony S, Meehl G, Senior C, Stevens B, Stouffer R, Taylor K
(2016) Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project
phase 6 (CMIP6) experimental design and organization. Geosci
Model Dev 9(5):1937–1958. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-19372016
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B, Braconnot P, Chou SC, Collins W,
Cox P, Driouech F, Emori S, Eyring V, Forest C, Gleckler P,
Guilyardi E, Jakob C, Kattsov V, Reason C, Rummukainen M
(2013) Evaluation of climate models. In: Stocker TF, Qin D,
Plattner G-K, Tignor M, Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y,
Bex V, Midgley PM (eds) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate
change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Gadgil S (2003) The Indian monsoon and its variability. Annu Rev
Earth Planet Sci 31:429–467
Hartmann DL, Klein Tank AMG, Rusticucci M, Alexander LV,
Brönnimann S, Charabi Y, Dentener FJ, Dlugokencky EJ, Easterling DR, Kaplan A, Soden BJ, Thorne PW, Wild M, Zhai PM
(2013) Observations: atmosphere and surface. In: Stocker TF,
1 Introduction to Climate Change Over the Indian Region
17