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Kopacz M, Mauzerall DL, Wang J, Leibensperger EM, Henze DK,
Singh K (2011) Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon
transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Atmos Chem
Phys 11:2837–2852. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2837-2011
Krishnamurti TN, Thomas A, Simon A, Kumar V (2010) Desert air
incursions, an overlooked aspect, for the dry spells of the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 67:3423–3441
Krishnan R, Kumar V, Sugi M, Yoshimura J (2009) Internal feedbacks
from monsoon-midlatitude interactions during droughts in the
Indian summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 66:553–578
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Ayantika DC, Kitoh A, Sugi M, Murakami H
et al (2013) Will the South Asian monsoon overturning circulation
stabilize any further? Clim Dyn 40(1–2):187–211. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00382-012-1317-0
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J, Goswami BN
et al (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian
monsoon hydroclimate in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47(3–
4):1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2886-5
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Madhura RK, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Nayak S, Rajeevan M (2019a) Non-monsoonal precipitation
response over the Western Himalayas to climate change. Clim
Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4357-2
Krishnan R et al (2019b) Unravelling climate change in the Hindu Kush
Himalaya: rapid warming in the mountains and increasing extremes.
In: Wester P, Mishra A, Mukherji A, Shrestha A (eds) The Hindu
Kush Himalaya assessment. Springer, Cham
Kulkarni AV, Karyakarte Y (2014) Observed changes in Himalayan
glaciers. Curr Sci 106(2):237–244
Kulkarni AV, Pratibha S (2018) Assessment of glacier fluctuations in
the Himalaya. In: Goel P, Ravindra R, Chattopadhyay S
(eds) Science and geopolitics of the White World. Springer, Cham
Kulkarni A, Patwardhan S, Kumar K, Ashok K, Krishnan R (2013)
Projected climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region by
using the high-resolution regional climate model PRECIS. Mt Res
Dev 33(2):142–151
Kulkarni AV, Nayak S, Pratibha S (2017) Variability of glaciers and
snow cover. In: Rajeevan M, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate
variability and change over the Indian region. Springer geology.
Springer, Singapore
Lang TJ, Barros AP (2004) Winter storms in the Central Himalayas.
J Meteorol Soc Japan 82:829–844
Lau WKM, Kim KM (2010) Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on
long-term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall.
Geophys Res Lett 37(16):L16705. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010GL043255
Lau WKM, Sang J, Kim MK, Kim KM, Koster RD, Yasunari TJ
(2018) Impacts of aerosol snow darkening effects on hydro-climate
over Eurasia during boreal spring and summer. J Geophys Res
Atmos 123:8441–8461. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028557
Liu X, Yin ZY, Shao X, Qin N (2006) Temporal trends and variability
of daily maximum and minimum, extreme temperature events, and
growing season length over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau
during 1961–2003. J Geophys Res Atmos 111(D19):4617–4632
Liu X, Cheng Z, Yan L et al (2009) Elevation dependency of recent and
future minimum surface air temperature trends in the Tibetan
Plateau and its surroundings. Glob Planet Change 68:164–174
Lutz AF, Immerzeel WW, Shrestha AB, Bierkens MFP (2014)
Consistent increase in High Asia’s runo due to increasing glacier
melt and precipitation. Nat Clim Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/
NCLIMATE2237
Madden R, Julian P (1971) Detection of a 40–50-day oscillation in the
zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J Atmos Sci 28:702–708
Madhura RK, Krishnan R, Revadekar JV, Mujumdar M, Goswami BN
(2015) Changes in western disturbances over the Western
Himalayas in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 44:1157–1168.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2166-9
Maskey S, Uhlenbrook S, Ojha S (2011) An analysis of snow cover
changes in the Himalayan region using MODIS snow products and
in-situ temperature data. Clim Change 108:391–400
Nan S, Zhao P, Yang S, Chen J (2009) Springtime tropospheric
temperature over the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of the tropical
Pacific SST. J Geophys Res Atmos 114(10). https://doi.org/10.
1029/2008jd011559
Negi HS, Neha K, Shekhar MS, Ganju A (2018) Recent wintertime
climatic variability over the North West Himalayan cryosphere.
Curr Sci 114(4):25
Panagiotopoulos F, Shahgedanova M, Stephenson DB (2002) A review
of Northern Hemisphere winter time teleconnection patterns.
J Phys IV France 12(10):27. https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020450
Pant GB, Pradeep Kumar P, Revadekar JV, Singh N (2018) Climate
change in the Himalayas. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3319-61654-4
Patel LK, Sharma P, Thamban M, Singh A, Ravindra R (2016) Debris
control on glacier thinning—a case study of the Batal glacier,
Chandra basin, Western Himalaya. Arab J Geosci 9(4):309. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2362-5
Pepin N et al (2015) Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions
of the world. Nat Clim Change 5:424–430
Pratap B, Sharma P, Patel L, Singh AT, Gaddam VK, Oulkar S,
Thamban M (2019) Reconciling high glacier surface melting in
summer with air temperature in the semi-arid zone of Western
Himalaya. Water 11:1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081561
Rai SC, Gurung CP (2005) An overview of glaciers, glacier retreat and
subsequent impacts in Nepal, India and China. WWF Program.
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf
Rajbhandari R, Shrestha AB, Kulkarni A et al (2015) Projected changes
in climate over the Indus river basin using a high resolution regional
climate model (PRECIS). Clim Dyn 44:339. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-014-2183-8
Rajbhandari R, Shrestha AB, Nepal S, Wahid S (2016) Projection of
future climate over the Koshi River basin based on CMIP5 GCMs.
Atmos Clim Sci 6:190–204. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2016.62017
Ramanathan V, Carmichael G (2008) Global and regional climate
changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci 1(4):221
Rashul G (2014) Food, water, and energy security in South Asia: a
nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Environ
Sci Policy 39:35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.01.010
Rees HG, Collins DN (2006) Regional differences in response of flow
in glacier-fed Himalayan rivers to climatic warming. Hydrol Process
20(10):2157–2169
Ren YY, Parker D, Ren GY, Dunn R (2015) Tempo-spatial characteristics of sub-daily temperature trends in mainland China. Clim Dyn
46(9–10):2737–2748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2726-7
Ren YY, Ren GY, Sun XB, Shrestha AB, You QL, Zhan YJ et al
(2017) Observed changes in surface air temperature and precipitation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region during 1901–2014.
Adv Clim Change Res 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.
08.001
Ridley J, Wiltshire A, Mathison C (2013) More frequent occurrence of
westerly disturbances in Karakoram up to 2100. Sci Total Environ
468–469:S31–S35
220
T. P. Sabin et al.
tectonics. USGS report. https://doi.org/10.3133/7000097
Klein Tank AMG, Peterson TC, Quadir DA et al (2006) Changes in daily
temperature and precipitation extremes in central and South Asia.
J Geophys Res 11116105. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006316
Kopacz M, Mauzerall DL, Wang J, Leibensperger EM, Henze DK,
Singh K (2011) Origin and radiative forcing of black carbon
transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. Atmos Chem
Phys 11:2837–2852. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2837-2011
Krishnamurti TN, Thomas A, Simon A, Kumar V (2010) Desert air
incursions, an overlooked aspect, for the dry spells of the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 67:3423–3441
Krishnan R, Kumar V, Sugi M, Yoshimura J (2009) Internal feedbacks
from monsoon-midlatitude interactions during droughts in the
Indian summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 66:553–578
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Ayantika DC, Kitoh A, Sugi M, Murakami H
et al (2013) Will the South Asian monsoon overturning circulation
stabilize any further? Clim Dyn 40(1–2):187–211. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00382-012-1317-0
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J, Goswami BN
et al (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian
monsoon hydroclimate in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47(3–
4):1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2886-5
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Madhura RK, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Nayak S, Rajeevan M (2019a) Non-monsoonal precipitation
response over the Western Himalayas to climate change. Clim
Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4357-2
Krishnan R et al (2019b) Unravelling climate change in the Hindu Kush
Himalaya: rapid warming in the mountains and increasing extremes.
In: Wester P, Mishra A, Mukherji A, Shrestha A (eds) The Hindu
Kush Himalaya assessment. Springer, Cham
Kulkarni AV, Karyakarte Y (2014) Observed changes in Himalayan
glaciers. Curr Sci 106(2):237–244
Kulkarni AV, Pratibha S (2018) Assessment of glacier fluctuations in
the Himalaya. In: Goel P, Ravindra R, Chattopadhyay S
(eds) Science and geopolitics of the White World. Springer, Cham
Kulkarni A, Patwardhan S, Kumar K, Ashok K, Krishnan R (2013)
Projected climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region by
using the high-resolution regional climate model PRECIS. Mt Res
Dev 33(2):142–151
Kulkarni AV, Nayak S, Pratibha S (2017) Variability of glaciers and
snow cover. In: Rajeevan M, Nayak S (eds) Observed climate
variability and change over the Indian region. Springer geology.
Springer, Singapore
Lang TJ, Barros AP (2004) Winter storms in the Central Himalayas.
J Meteorol Soc Japan 82:829–844
Lau WKM, Kim KM (2010) Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on
long-term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall.
Geophys Res Lett 37(16):L16705. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010GL043255
Lau WKM, Sang J, Kim MK, Kim KM, Koster RD, Yasunari TJ
(2018) Impacts of aerosol snow darkening effects on hydro-climate
over Eurasia during boreal spring and summer. J Geophys Res
Atmos 123:8441–8461. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028557
Liu X, Yin ZY, Shao X, Qin N (2006) Temporal trends and variability
of daily maximum and minimum, extreme temperature events, and
growing season length over the eastern and central Tibetan Plateau
during 1961–2003. J Geophys Res Atmos 111(D19):4617–4632
Liu X, Cheng Z, Yan L et al (2009) Elevation dependency of recent and
future minimum surface air temperature trends in the Tibetan
Plateau and its surroundings. Glob Planet Change 68:164–174
Lutz AF, Immerzeel WW, Shrestha AB, Bierkens MFP (2014)
Consistent increase in High Asia’s runo due to increasing glacier
melt and precipitation. Nat Clim Change. https://doi.org/10.1038/
NCLIMATE2237
Madden R, Julian P (1971) Detection of a 40–50-day oscillation in the
zonal wind in the tropical Pacific. J Atmos Sci 28:702–708
Madhura RK, Krishnan R, Revadekar JV, Mujumdar M, Goswami BN
(2015) Changes in western disturbances over the Western
Himalayas in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 44:1157–1168.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2166-9
Maskey S, Uhlenbrook S, Ojha S (2011) An analysis of snow cover
changes in the Himalayan region using MODIS snow products and
in-situ temperature data. Clim Change 108:391–400
Nan S, Zhao P, Yang S, Chen J (2009) Springtime tropospheric
temperature over the Tibetan Plateau and evolution of the tropical
Pacific SST. J Geophys Res Atmos 114(10). https://doi.org/10.
1029/2008jd011559
Negi HS, Neha K, Shekhar MS, Ganju A (2018) Recent wintertime
climatic variability over the North West Himalayan cryosphere.
Curr Sci 114(4):25
Panagiotopoulos F, Shahgedanova M, Stephenson DB (2002) A review
of Northern Hemisphere winter time teleconnection patterns.
J Phys IV France 12(10):27. https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020450
Pant GB, Pradeep Kumar P, Revadekar JV, Singh N (2018) Climate
change in the Himalayas. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3319-61654-4
Patel LK, Sharma P, Thamban M, Singh A, Ravindra R (2016) Debris
control on glacier thinning—a case study of the Batal glacier,
Chandra basin, Western Himalaya. Arab J Geosci 9(4):309. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2362-5
Pepin N et al (2015) Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions
of the world. Nat Clim Change 5:424–430
Pratap B, Sharma P, Patel L, Singh AT, Gaddam VK, Oulkar S,
Thamban M (2019) Reconciling high glacier surface melting in
summer with air temperature in the semi-arid zone of Western
Himalaya. Water 11:1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081561
Rai SC, Gurung CP (2005) An overview of glaciers, glacier retreat and
subsequent impacts in Nepal, India and China. WWF Program.
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/himalayaglaciersreport2005.pdf
Rajbhandari R, Shrestha AB, Kulkarni A et al (2015) Projected changes
in climate over the Indus river basin using a high resolution regional
climate model (PRECIS). Clim Dyn 44:339. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-014-2183-8
Rajbhandari R, Shrestha AB, Nepal S, Wahid S (2016) Projection of
future climate over the Koshi River basin based on CMIP5 GCMs.
Atmos Clim Sci 6:190–204. https://doi.org/10.4236/acs.2016.62017
Ramanathan V, Carmichael G (2008) Global and regional climate
changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci 1(4):221
Rashul G (2014) Food, water, and energy security in South Asia: a
nexus perspective from the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Environ
Sci Policy 39:35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.01.010
Rees HG, Collins DN (2006) Regional differences in response of flow
in glacier-fed Himalayan rivers to climatic warming. Hydrol Process
20(10):2157–2169
Ren YY, Parker D, Ren GY, Dunn R (2015) Tempo-spatial characteristics of sub-daily temperature trends in mainland China. Clim Dyn
46(9–10):2737–2748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2726-7
Ren YY, Ren GY, Sun XB, Shrestha AB, You QL, Zhan YJ et al
(2017) Observed changes in surface air temperature and precipitation in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region during 1901–2014.
Adv Clim Change Res 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.
08.001
Ridley J, Wiltshire A, Mathison C (2013) More frequent occurrence of
westerly disturbances in Karakoram up to 2100. Sci Total Environ
468–469:S31–S35
220
T. P. Sabin et al.