References
Archer DR, Fowler H (2004) Spatial and temporal variations in
precipitation in the Upper Indus Basin, global teleconnections and
hydrological implications. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 8(1):47–61
Armstrong RL (2011) The glaciers of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan
region: a summary of the science regarding glacier melt/retreat in
the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, and Tien Shan
mountain ranges. ICIMOD, Kathmandu
Barlow M, Matthew W, Bradfield L, Heidi C (2005) Modulation of
daily precipitation over southwest Asia by the Madden-Julian
Oscillation. Mon Weather Rev 133(12):3579–3594
Bhutiyani MR, Vishwas SK, Pawar NJ (2007) Long-term trends in
maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the
northwestern Himalaya during the twentieth century. Clim Change
85:59–177
Bhutiyani MR, Kale VS, Pawar NJ (2009) Climate change and the
precipitation variations in the northwestern Himalaya: 1866–2006.
Int J Climatol 30(4):535–548
Bolch T et al (2012) The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science
336(6079):310–314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828
Bond TC et al (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate
system: a scientific assessment. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jgrd.50171
Bookhagen B, Burbank DW (2006) Topography, relief, and
TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya. Geophys
Res Lett 33(8)
Boos W, Kuang Z (2010) Dominant control of the South Asian
monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature
463:218–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08707
Borgaonkar HP, Ram S, Sikder AB (2009) Assessment of tree-ring
analysis of high-elevation Cedrus deodara D. Don from western
Himalaya (India) in relation to climate and glacier fluctuations.
Dendrochronologia 27(1):59–69
Brahmbhatt R, Bahuguna I, Rathore B, Singh S, Rajawat A, Shah R,
Kargel J (2015) Satellite monitoring of glaciers in the Karakoram
from 1977 to 2013: an overall almost stable population of dynamics
glaciers. Cryosphere Discuss 9:1555–1592. https://doi.org/10.5194/
tcd-9-1555-2015
Branstator G (2002) Circumglobal teleconnections, the jet stream
waveguide, and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Climate 15:1893–
1910.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c1893:
CTTJSW%3e2.0.CO;2
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Bookhagen B (2015) Multi-annual
variations in winter westerly disturbance activity affecting the
Himalaya. Clim Dyn 44:441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382014-2248-8
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Hoell A, Norris J, Kiladis GN et al
(2017) The influence of tropical forcing on extreme winter
precipitation in the western Himalaya. Clim Dyn 48(3):1213–1232
Chakraborty A, Nanjundiah RS, Srinivasan J (2006) Theoretical
aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed
orography simulations in a GCM. Ann Geophys 24:2075–2089
Choi G et al (2009) Changes in means and extreme events of
temperature and precipitation in the Asia-Pacific Network region,
1955–2007. Int J Climatol 29(13):1906–1925
Diaz HF, Markgraf V (2000) El Niño and the Southern Oscillation:
multiscale variability and global and regional impacts. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
Dimri A, Dash SK (2012) Wintertime climatic trends in the Western
Himalayas. Clim Change 111:775–800
Dimri AP, Niyogi D, Barros AP, Ridley J, Mohanty UC, Yasunari T
et al (2015) Western disturbances: a review. Rev Geophys 53
(2):225–246
Forsythe N, Fowler HJ, Li X-F, Blenkinsop S, Pritchard D (2017)
Karakoram temperature and glacial melt driven by regional
atmospheric circulation variability. Nat Clim Change 7(9). https://
doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3361
Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y (2012) Slight mass gain of Karakoram
glaciers in the early twenty-first century. Nat Geosci 5(5):322–325.
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1450
Godin L et al (1999) High strain zone in the hanging wall of the
Annapurna detachment, central Nepal Himalaya. In: MacFarlane A,
Sorkhabi RB, Quade J (eds) Himalaya and Tibet: mountain roots to
mountain tops, 328. GSA, p 201
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Pascale S (2013) Hydrological cycle over South
and Southeast Asian river basins as simulated by PCMDI/CMIP3
experiments. Earth Syst Dyn 4(2):199–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/
esd-4-199-2013
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Khan MR, Petitta M, Bolch T, Gioli G (2014)
Early 21st century snow cover state over the western river basins of
the Indus river system. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18(10):4077–4100
Hasson SU, Böhner J, Chishtie F (2018) Low fidelity of CORDEX and
their driving experiments indicates future climatic uncertainty over
Himalayan watersheds of Indus basin. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-018-4160-0
Hewitt K (2005) The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the
‘elevation effect,’ Karakoram Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 25(4):332–
340
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2018) The evolution, seasonality
and impacts of western disturbances. Q J R Meteorol Soc. https://
doi.org/10.1002/qj.3200
ICIMOD (2007) The melting Himalayas: regional challenges and local
impacts of climates change on mountain ecosystems and livelihoods. Technical paper X. International Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development, Kathmandu, 33 pp
ICIMOD (2011) The status of glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan
region. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Kathmandu
Immerzeel WW, Droogers P, Jong SMD, Bierkens MFP (2009)
Large-scale monitoring of snow cover and runoff simulation in
Himalayan river basins using remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ
113(1):40–49
Immerzeel WW, Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP (2010) Climate change will
affect the Asian water towers. Science 328. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1183188
IPCC (2007) In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M,
Averyt KB et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science
basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, p 996
IPCC (2013) Climate change. The physical science basis. Work group
contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report (AR5). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stockholm, Sweden
IPCC SR (2019) IPCC SR ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate,
Chap 2. In: Hock R et al (eds) High mountain areas
Kääb A, Treichler D, Nuth C, Berthier E (2015) Brief communication:
contending estimates of 2003–2008 glacier mass balance over the
Pamir–Karakoram–Himalaya. Cryosphere 9(2):557–564. https://
doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-557-2015
Kapnick SB, Delworth TL, Ashfaq M, Malyshev S, Milly PCD (2014)
Snowfall less sensitive to warming in Karakoram than in Himalayas
due to a unique seasonal cycle. Nat Geosci 7:834–840
11 Climate Change Over the Himalayas
219
Archer DR, Fowler H (2004) Spatial and temporal variations in
precipitation in the Upper Indus Basin, global teleconnections and
hydrological implications. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 8(1):47–61
Armstrong RL (2011) The glaciers of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan
region: a summary of the science regarding glacier melt/retreat in
the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, and Tien Shan
mountain ranges. ICIMOD, Kathmandu
Barlow M, Matthew W, Bradfield L, Heidi C (2005) Modulation of
daily precipitation over southwest Asia by the Madden-Julian
Oscillation. Mon Weather Rev 133(12):3579–3594
Bhutiyani MR, Vishwas SK, Pawar NJ (2007) Long-term trends in
maximum, minimum and mean annual air temperatures across the
northwestern Himalaya during the twentieth century. Clim Change
85:59–177
Bhutiyani MR, Kale VS, Pawar NJ (2009) Climate change and the
precipitation variations in the northwestern Himalaya: 1866–2006.
Int J Climatol 30(4):535–548
Bolch T et al (2012) The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science
336(6079):310–314. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215828
Bond TC et al (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate
system: a scientific assessment. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.
org/10.1002/jgrd.50171
Bookhagen B, Burbank DW (2006) Topography, relief, and
TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya. Geophys
Res Lett 33(8)
Boos W, Kuang Z (2010) Dominant control of the South Asian
monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature
463:218–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08707
Borgaonkar HP, Ram S, Sikder AB (2009) Assessment of tree-ring
analysis of high-elevation Cedrus deodara D. Don from western
Himalaya (India) in relation to climate and glacier fluctuations.
Dendrochronologia 27(1):59–69
Brahmbhatt R, Bahuguna I, Rathore B, Singh S, Rajawat A, Shah R,
Kargel J (2015) Satellite monitoring of glaciers in the Karakoram
from 1977 to 2013: an overall almost stable population of dynamics
glaciers. Cryosphere Discuss 9:1555–1592. https://doi.org/10.5194/
tcd-9-1555-2015
Branstator G (2002) Circumglobal teleconnections, the jet stream
waveguide, and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Climate 15:1893–
1910.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c1893:
CTTJSW%3e2.0.CO;2
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Bookhagen B (2015) Multi-annual
variations in winter westerly disturbance activity affecting the
Himalaya. Clim Dyn 44:441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382014-2248-8
Cannon F, Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Hoell A, Norris J, Kiladis GN et al
(2017) The influence of tropical forcing on extreme winter
precipitation in the western Himalaya. Clim Dyn 48(3):1213–1232
Chakraborty A, Nanjundiah RS, Srinivasan J (2006) Theoretical
aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed
orography simulations in a GCM. Ann Geophys 24:2075–2089
Choi G et al (2009) Changes in means and extreme events of
temperature and precipitation in the Asia-Pacific Network region,
1955–2007. Int J Climatol 29(13):1906–1925
Diaz HF, Markgraf V (2000) El Niño and the Southern Oscillation:
multiscale variability and global and regional impacts. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge
Dimri A, Dash SK (2012) Wintertime climatic trends in the Western
Himalayas. Clim Change 111:775–800
Dimri AP, Niyogi D, Barros AP, Ridley J, Mohanty UC, Yasunari T
et al (2015) Western disturbances: a review. Rev Geophys 53
(2):225–246
Forsythe N, Fowler HJ, Li X-F, Blenkinsop S, Pritchard D (2017)
Karakoram temperature and glacial melt driven by regional
atmospheric circulation variability. Nat Clim Change 7(9). https://
doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3361
Gardelle J, Berthier E, Arnaud Y (2012) Slight mass gain of Karakoram
glaciers in the early twenty-first century. Nat Geosci 5(5):322–325.
https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1450
Godin L et al (1999) High strain zone in the hanging wall of the
Annapurna detachment, central Nepal Himalaya. In: MacFarlane A,
Sorkhabi RB, Quade J (eds) Himalaya and Tibet: mountain roots to
mountain tops, 328. GSA, p 201
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Pascale S (2013) Hydrological cycle over South
and Southeast Asian river basins as simulated by PCMDI/CMIP3
experiments. Earth Syst Dyn 4(2):199–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/
esd-4-199-2013
Hasson S, Lucarini V, Khan MR, Petitta M, Bolch T, Gioli G (2014)
Early 21st century snow cover state over the western river basins of
the Indus river system. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 18(10):4077–4100
Hasson SU, Böhner J, Chishtie F (2018) Low fidelity of CORDEX and
their driving experiments indicates future climatic uncertainty over
Himalayan watersheds of Indus basin. Clim Dyn. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-018-4160-0
Hewitt K (2005) The Karakoram anomaly? Glacier expansion and the
‘elevation effect,’ Karakoram Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 25(4):332–
340
Hunt KMR, Turner AG, Shaffrey LC (2018) The evolution, seasonality
and impacts of western disturbances. Q J R Meteorol Soc. https://
doi.org/10.1002/qj.3200
ICIMOD (2007) The melting Himalayas: regional challenges and local
impacts of climates change on mountain ecosystems and livelihoods. Technical paper X. International Centre for Integrated
Mountain Development, Kathmandu, 33 pp
ICIMOD (2011) The status of glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan
region. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Kathmandu
Immerzeel WW, Droogers P, Jong SMD, Bierkens MFP (2009)
Large-scale monitoring of snow cover and runoff simulation in
Himalayan river basins using remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ
113(1):40–49
Immerzeel WW, Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP (2010) Climate change will
affect the Asian water towers. Science 328. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1183188
IPCC (2007) In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M,
Averyt KB et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science
basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment
report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, p 996
IPCC (2013) Climate change. The physical science basis. Work group
contribution to the IPCC fifth assessment report (AR5). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Stockholm, Sweden
IPCC SR (2019) IPCC SR ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate,
Chap 2. In: Hock R et al (eds) High mountain areas
Kääb A, Treichler D, Nuth C, Berthier E (2015) Brief communication:
contending estimates of 2003–2008 glacier mass balance over the
Pamir–Karakoram–Himalaya. Cryosphere 9(2):557–564. https://
doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-557-2015
Kapnick SB, Delworth TL, Ashfaq M, Malyshev S, Milly PCD (2014)
Snowfall less sensitive to warming in Karakoram than in Himalayas
due to a unique seasonal cycle. Nat Geosci 7:834–840
11 Climate Change Over the Himalayas
219