Church JA, Monselesan D, Gregory JM, Marzeion B (2013a)
Evaluating the ability of process based models to project sea-level
change. Environ Res Lett 8:014051
Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Jevrejeva S,
Levermann A, Merrifield MA, Milne GA, Nerem RS, Nunn PD,
Payne AJ, Pfeffer WT, Stammer D, Unnikrishnan AS (2013) Sea
level change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
Chambers D, Merrifield MA, Nerem RS (2012) Is there a 60-year
oscillation in global mean sea level? Geophys Res Lett. doi
10.1029/2012GL052885
Deepa JS, Gnanaseelan C, Kakatkar R, Parekh A, Chowdary JS
(2018a) The interannual sea level variability in the Indian Ocean as
simulated by an ocean general circulation model. Int J Climatol
38:1132–1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5228
Deepa JS, Gnanaseelan C, Mohapatra S, Chowdary JS, Karmakar A,
Kakatkar R, Parekh A (2018b) The Tropical Indian Ocean decadal
sea level response to the Pacific decadal oscillation forcing. Clim
Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4431-9
Dieng HB, Champollion N, Cazenave A, Wada Y, Schrama E,
Meyssignac B (2015) Total land water storage change over 2003–
2013 estimated from a global mass budget approach. Environ Res
Lett 10(12):124010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/
124010
Domingues CM, Church JA, White NJ, Gleckler PJ, Wijffels SE,
Barker PM, Dunn JR (2008) Improved estimates of upper-ocean
warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature 453(7198):1090–
1093. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07080
Douglas B (1997) Global sea rise: a redetermination. Surv Geophys 18
(2–3):279–292. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006544227856
Dutton A, Lambeck K (2012) Ice volume and sea level during the last
interglacial science 337:216–219
First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (2015). https://unfccc.int/resource/
docs/natc/indbur1.pdf
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B et al (2013) Evaluation of climate
models. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK et al (eds) Climate
change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working
group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
pp 741–866
Han W et al (2010) Patterns of Indian Ocean sea-level change in a
warming climate. Nat Geosci 3(8):546–550. https://doi.org/10.
1038/ngeo901
Han W, Vialard J, McPhaden MJ et al (2014) Indian Ocean decadal
variability: a review. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 95:1679–1703
Han W, Meehl GA, Stammer D, Hu A, Hamlington B, Kenigson J,
Palanisamy H, Thompson P (2017) Spatial patterns of sea level
variability associated with natural internal climate modes. Surv
Geophys 38(1):217–250
Han W, Stammer D, Meehl G, Hu A, Sienz F, Zhang L (2018)
Multi-decadal trend and decadal variability of the regional sea level
over the Indian Ocean since the 1960s: roles of climate modes and
external forcing. Climate 6(2):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020051
Hansen J, Sato M, Kharecha P, von Schuckmann K (2011) Earth’s
energy imbalance and implications. Atmos Chem Phys 11:13421–
13449. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011
Hamlington BD, Leben RR, Strassburg MW, Nerem RS, Kim K-Y
(2013) Contribution of the Pacific decadal oscillation to global
mean sea level trends. Geophys Res Lett 40: 5171–5175
Hemer MA, Fan Y, Mori N, Semedo A, Wang XL (2013) Projected
changes in wave climate from a multi-model ensemble. Nat Clim
Change 3(5):471–476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1791
Hinkel J, Lincke D, Vafeidis AT, Perrette M, Nicholls RJ, Tol RSJ et al
(2014) Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st
century sea-level rise. Proc Natl Acad Sci. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1222469111
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Technical summary. In: Solomon S et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 19–91
Ishii M, Kimoto M (2009) Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content
variations with an XBT depth bias correction. J Oceanogr 65:287–
299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0027-7
Jevrejeva S, Grinsted A, Moore JC (2009) Anthropogenic forcing
dominates sea level rise since 1850. Geophys Res Lett 36:L20706
Kaser G, Cogley JG, Dyurgerov MB, Meier MF, Ohmura A (2006)
Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: consensus estimates for
1961–2004. Geophys Res Lett 33:L19501. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2006GL027511
Kay S, Caesar J, Wolf J, Bricheno L, Nicholls RJ, Saiful Islam AKM
et al (2015) Modelling the increased frequency of extreme sea levels
in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta due to sea level rise and
other effects of climate change. Environ Sci Process Impacts.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00683f
Kemp AC, Horton BP, Donnelly JP, Mann ME, Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S (2011a) Climate related sea-level variations over the past two
millennia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:11017–11022
Kemp PS, Worthington TA, Langford TE, Tree AR, Gaywood MJ
(2011b) First published: 01 June (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1467-2979.2011.00421
Kulp SA, Strauss BH (2019) New elevation data triple estimates of
global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Nat
Commun 10:4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
Lee HS (2013) Estimation of extreme sea levels along the Bangladesh
coast due to storm surge and sea level rise using EEMD and EVA.
J Geophys Res Oceans 118:4273–4285. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jgrc.20310
Lee T, McPhaden MJ (2008) Decadal phase change in large-scale sea
level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th
century. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01605. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2007GL032419
Levitus S et al (2012) World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea
level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010. Geophys Res Lett 39:
L10603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Garcia HE, Locarnini RA,
Mishonov AV, Garcia HE (2009) Global ocean heat content
1955–2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems.
Geophys
Res
Lett
36:L07608.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008GL037155
Li Y, Han W (2015) Decadal sea level variations in the Indian Ocean
investigated with HYCOM: roles of climate modes, ocean internal
variability, and stochastic wind forcing. J Clim 28:9143–9165.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0252.1
Lambeck K, Purcell A, Zhao J, Svensson N-O (2010) The Scandinavian Ice sheet: from MIS 4 to the end of the last glacial maximum.
Boreas 39:410–435
Llovel W, Lee T (2015) Importance and origin of halosteric contribution to sea level change in the southeast Indian Ocean during 2005–
2013, 1148–1157. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062611
Marcos M, Calafat FM, Berihuete Á, Dangendorf S (2015) Long-term
variations in global sea level extremes. J Geophys Res Oceans 120
(12):8115–8134. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011173
9 Sea-Level Rise
187
Evaluating the ability of process based models to project sea-level
change. Environ Res Lett 8:014051
Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A, Gregory JM, Jevrejeva S,
Levermann A, Merrifield MA, Milne GA, Nerem RS, Nunn PD,
Payne AJ, Pfeffer WT, Stammer D, Unnikrishnan AS (2013) Sea
level change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K, Tignor M,
Allen SK, Boschung J, Nauels A, Xia Y, Bex V, Midgley PM
(eds) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution
of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
Chambers D, Merrifield MA, Nerem RS (2012) Is there a 60-year
oscillation in global mean sea level? Geophys Res Lett. doi
10.1029/2012GL052885
Deepa JS, Gnanaseelan C, Kakatkar R, Parekh A, Chowdary JS
(2018a) The interannual sea level variability in the Indian Ocean as
simulated by an ocean general circulation model. Int J Climatol
38:1132–1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5228
Deepa JS, Gnanaseelan C, Mohapatra S, Chowdary JS, Karmakar A,
Kakatkar R, Parekh A (2018b) The Tropical Indian Ocean decadal
sea level response to the Pacific decadal oscillation forcing. Clim
Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4431-9
Dieng HB, Champollion N, Cazenave A, Wada Y, Schrama E,
Meyssignac B (2015) Total land water storage change over 2003–
2013 estimated from a global mass budget approach. Environ Res
Lett 10(12):124010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/
124010
Domingues CM, Church JA, White NJ, Gleckler PJ, Wijffels SE,
Barker PM, Dunn JR (2008) Improved estimates of upper-ocean
warming and multi-decadal sea-level rise. Nature 453(7198):1090–
1093. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07080
Douglas B (1997) Global sea rise: a redetermination. Surv Geophys 18
(2–3):279–292. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006544227856
Dutton A, Lambeck K (2012) Ice volume and sea level during the last
interglacial science 337:216–219
First Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (2015). https://unfccc.int/resource/
docs/natc/indbur1.pdf
Flato G, Marotzke J, Abiodun B et al (2013) Evaluation of climate
models. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GK et al (eds) Climate
change 2013: the physical science basis. Contribution of working
group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
pp 741–866
Han W et al (2010) Patterns of Indian Ocean sea-level change in a
warming climate. Nat Geosci 3(8):546–550. https://doi.org/10.
1038/ngeo901
Han W, Vialard J, McPhaden MJ et al (2014) Indian Ocean decadal
variability: a review. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 95:1679–1703
Han W, Meehl GA, Stammer D, Hu A, Hamlington B, Kenigson J,
Palanisamy H, Thompson P (2017) Spatial patterns of sea level
variability associated with natural internal climate modes. Surv
Geophys 38(1):217–250
Han W, Stammer D, Meehl G, Hu A, Sienz F, Zhang L (2018)
Multi-decadal trend and decadal variability of the regional sea level
over the Indian Ocean since the 1960s: roles of climate modes and
external forcing. Climate 6(2):51. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020051
Hansen J, Sato M, Kharecha P, von Schuckmann K (2011) Earth’s
energy imbalance and implications. Atmos Chem Phys 11:13421–
13449. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-13421-2011
Hamlington BD, Leben RR, Strassburg MW, Nerem RS, Kim K-Y
(2013) Contribution of the Pacific decadal oscillation to global
mean sea level trends. Geophys Res Lett 40: 5171–5175
Hemer MA, Fan Y, Mori N, Semedo A, Wang XL (2013) Projected
changes in wave climate from a multi-model ensemble. Nat Clim
Change 3(5):471–476. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1791
Hinkel J, Lincke D, Vafeidis AT, Perrette M, Nicholls RJ, Tol RSJ et al
(2014) Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st
century sea-level rise. Proc Natl Acad Sci. https://doi.org/10.1073/
pnas.1222469111
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Technical summary. In: Solomon S et al (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth
assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 19–91
Ishii M, Kimoto M (2009) Reevaluation of historical ocean heat content
variations with an XBT depth bias correction. J Oceanogr 65:287–
299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0027-7
Jevrejeva S, Grinsted A, Moore JC (2009) Anthropogenic forcing
dominates sea level rise since 1850. Geophys Res Lett 36:L20706
Kaser G, Cogley JG, Dyurgerov MB, Meier MF, Ohmura A (2006)
Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: consensus estimates for
1961–2004. Geophys Res Lett 33:L19501. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2006GL027511
Kay S, Caesar J, Wolf J, Bricheno L, Nicholls RJ, Saiful Islam AKM
et al (2015) Modelling the increased frequency of extreme sea levels
in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta due to sea level rise and
other effects of climate change. Environ Sci Process Impacts.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c4em00683f
Kemp AC, Horton BP, Donnelly JP, Mann ME, Vermeer M, Rahmstorf S (2011a) Climate related sea-level variations over the past two
millennia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:11017–11022
Kemp PS, Worthington TA, Langford TE, Tree AR, Gaywood MJ
(2011b) First published: 01 June (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
1467-2979.2011.00421
Kulp SA, Strauss BH (2019) New elevation data triple estimates of
global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Nat
Commun 10:4844. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12808-z
Lee HS (2013) Estimation of extreme sea levels along the Bangladesh
coast due to storm surge and sea level rise using EEMD and EVA.
J Geophys Res Oceans 118:4273–4285. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jgrc.20310
Lee T, McPhaden MJ (2008) Decadal phase change in large-scale sea
level and winds in the Indo-Pacific region at the end of the 20th
century. Geophys Res Lett 35:L01605. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2007GL032419
Levitus S et al (2012) World ocean heat content and thermosteric sea
level change (0–2000 m), 1955–2010. Geophys Res Lett 39:
L10603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051106
Levitus S, Antonov JI, Boyer TP, Garcia HE, Locarnini RA,
Mishonov AV, Garcia HE (2009) Global ocean heat content
1955–2008 in light of recently revealed instrumentation problems.
Geophys
Res
Lett
36:L07608.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008GL037155
Li Y, Han W (2015) Decadal sea level variations in the Indian Ocean
investigated with HYCOM: roles of climate modes, ocean internal
variability, and stochastic wind forcing. J Clim 28:9143–9165.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0252.1
Lambeck K, Purcell A, Zhao J, Svensson N-O (2010) The Scandinavian Ice sheet: from MIS 4 to the end of the last glacial maximum.
Boreas 39:410–435
Llovel W, Lee T (2015) Importance and origin of halosteric contribution to sea level change in the southeast Indian Ocean during 2005–
2013, 1148–1157. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062611
Marcos M, Calafat FM, Berihuete Á, Dangendorf S (2015) Long-term
variations in global sea level extremes. J Geophys Res Oceans 120
(12):8115–8134. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011173
9 Sea-Level Rise
187