Meier MF et al (2007) Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the
21st century. Science 317:1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1143906
Milne GA, Gehrels WR, Hughes CW, Tamisiea ME (2009) Identifying
the causes of sea-level change. Nat Geosci 2:471–478. https://doi.
org/10.1038/ngeo544
Moss RH, Coauthors (2010) The next generation of scenarios for
climate change research and assessment. Nature 463:747–756. doi
10.1038/nature08823
Neumann B, Vafeidis AT, Zimmermann J, Nicholls RJ (2015) Future
coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal
flooding—a global assessment. PLoS ONE 10(3). https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0118571
Nidheesh AG, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, Unnikrishnan AS, Dayan H
(2013) Decadal and long-term sea level variability in the tropical
Indo-Pacific Ocean. Clim Dyn 41(2):381–402. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-012-1463-4
Nidheesh AG, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, Izumo T, Unnikrishnan AS,
Meyssignac B, Hamlington B, de Boyer Montégut C (2017)
Robustness of observation-based decadal sea level variability in the
Indo-Pacific Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 44:7391–7400. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2017GL073955
Paul BK (2009) Why relatively fewer people died? The case of
Bangladesh’s cyclone sidr. Nat Hazards 50(2):289–304. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11069-008-9340-5
Palanisamy H, Cazenave A, Meyssignac B, Soudarin L, Wöppelmann
G, Becker M (2014) Regional sea level variability, total relative sea
level rise and its impacts on islands and coastal zones of Indian
Ocean over the last sixty years. Global Planet Change 116:54–67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.02.001
Parekh A, Gnanaseelan C, Deepa JS, Karmakar A, Chowdary JS (2017)
Sea level variability and trends in the North Indian Ocean. In:
Rajeevan MN, Naik S (eds) Observed climate variability and
change over the Indian Region. Springer Singapore, pp 181–192.
doi https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0
Peduzzi P, Chatenoux B, Dao H, De Bono A, Herold C, Kossin J et al
(2012) Global trends in tropical cyclone risk. Nat Clim Change 2
(4):289–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1410
Peltier W, Fairbanks RG (2006) Global glacial ice volume and last
glacial maximum duration from an extended Barbados Sea level
record. Quatern Sci Rev 25:3322–3337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
quascirev.2006.04.010
Rao AD, Poulose J, Upadhyay P, Mohanty S (2015) Local-scale
assessment of tropical cyclone induced storm surge inundation over
the coastal zones of India in probabilistic climate risk scenario. In:
Ravela S, Sandu A (eds) Dynamic data-driven environmental
systems science. DyDESS 2014. Lecture notes in computer science,
vol 8964. Springer, Cham
Ray RD, Douglas BC (2011) Experiments in reconstructing
twentieth-century sea levels. Prog Oceanogr 91:495–515
Rhein M (2014) Observations: ocean pages. Climate Change 2013—
The Physical Science Basis, 255–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9781107415324.010
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of continuing 10 years of progress. Oceanography 22:46–55.
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1992 to 2017. Nature 558:219–222
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for the reversal of North Indian Ocean decadal sea level trend in
recent two decades. Clim Dyn 49:3887. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-017-3551-y
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Antarctic ice melting. J Geophys Res Oceans 113:C06022
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changes. Ann Rev Mar Sci 5:21–46
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planetary Stewardship. Ambio 40(7):739–761. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s13280-011-0185-x
Swapna P, Jyoti J, Krishnan R, Sandeep N, Griffies SM (2017)
Multidecadal weakening of Indian summer monsoon circulation
induces an increasing northern Indian Ocean sea level. Geophys
Res Lett 44:560–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074706
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the experiment design. Bull Am Meteor Soc 93:485–498
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(2016) Forcing of recent decadal variability in the equatorial and
North Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans 121:6762–6778.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012132
Trenberth KE, Fasullo JT, Balmaseda MA (2014) Earth’s energy
imbalance. J Clim 27:3129–3144. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-1300294.1
Unnikrishnan A, Kumar R, Sindhu B (2011) Tropical cyclones in the
bay of Bengal and extreme sea level projections along the east coast
of India in a future climate scenario. Curr Sci 101:327–331
Unnikrishnan A, Nidheesh G, Lengaigne M (2015) Sea-level-rise
trends off the Indian coasts during the last two decades. Curr Sci
108:966–971
Unnikrishnan AS, Shankar D (2007) Are sea-level-rise trends along the
coasts of the North Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates?
Glob Planet Change 57(3–4):301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
gloplacha.2006.11.029
Unnikrishnan A, Sundar SD, Blackman D, Kumar KR, Michael GS
(2006) Sea level changes along the coast of India. Obs Proj 90(3)
Unnikrishnan AS, Manimurali M, Kumar R (2010) Observed sea level
rise, extreme events and future projections. Indian Netw Clim
Change Assess 4:47–66
Unnikrishnan AS, Sundar D, Blackman D (2004) Analysis of extreme
sea level along the east coast of India. J Geophys Res–Oceans 109:
C06023
Vousdoukas MI, Mentaschi L, Voukouvalas E, Verlaan M, Jevrejeva S,
Jackson LP, Feyen L (2018) Global probabilistic projections of
extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard. Nat
Commun 9(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04692-w
Von Schuckmann K et al (2016) An imperative to monitor Earth’s
energy imbalance. Nat Clim Change 6:138–144. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nclimate2876
Vialard J, Duvel J, McPhaden M, Bouruet Aubertot P, Ward B, Key E,
Bourras D, Weller R, Minnett P, Weill A (2009) Cirene: air-sea
interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge region. Bull
Am
Meteorol
Soc
90:45–61.
https://doi.org/10.1175/
2008BAMS2499.1
Wahl T (2014) Along the US Gulf coast from the late 20th century,
1990, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058777.Received
Wahl T, Haigh ID, Nicholls RJ, Arns A, Dangendorf S, Hinkel J,
Slangen ABA (2017) Understanding extreme sea levels for
broad-scale coastal impact and adaptation analysis. Nat Commun
8(May):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16075
WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group: Global sea-level budget 1993–
present (2018) Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10:1551–1590. https://doi.org/
10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
Woodruff JD, Irish JL, Camargo SJ (2013) Coastal flooding by tropical
cyclones and sea-level rise. Nature 504(7478):44–52. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature12855
Woodworth PL, Player R (2003) The permanent service for mean sea
level: an update to the 21st century. J Coastal Res 19:287–295
Zhang X, Church JA (2012) Sea level trends, interannual and decadal
variability in the Pacific Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 39:L21701
188
P. Swapna et al.
21st century. Science 317:1064. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1143906
Milne GA, Gehrels WR, Hughes CW, Tamisiea ME (2009) Identifying
the causes of sea-level change. Nat Geosci 2:471–478. https://doi.
org/10.1038/ngeo544
Moss RH, Coauthors (2010) The next generation of scenarios for
climate change research and assessment. Nature 463:747–756. doi
10.1038/nature08823
Neumann B, Vafeidis AT, Zimmermann J, Nicholls RJ (2015) Future
coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal
flooding—a global assessment. PLoS ONE 10(3). https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0118571
Nidheesh AG, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, Unnikrishnan AS, Dayan H
(2013) Decadal and long-term sea level variability in the tropical
Indo-Pacific Ocean. Clim Dyn 41(2):381–402. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-012-1463-4
Nidheesh AG, Lengaigne M, Vialard J, Izumo T, Unnikrishnan AS,
Meyssignac B, Hamlington B, de Boyer Montégut C (2017)
Robustness of observation-based decadal sea level variability in the
Indo-Pacific Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 44:7391–7400. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2017GL073955
Paul BK (2009) Why relatively fewer people died? The case of
Bangladesh’s cyclone sidr. Nat Hazards 50(2):289–304. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11069-008-9340-5
Palanisamy H, Cazenave A, Meyssignac B, Soudarin L, Wöppelmann
G, Becker M (2014) Regional sea level variability, total relative sea
level rise and its impacts on islands and coastal zones of Indian
Ocean over the last sixty years. Global Planet Change 116:54–67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.02.001
Parekh A, Gnanaseelan C, Deepa JS, Karmakar A, Chowdary JS (2017)
Sea level variability and trends in the North Indian Ocean. In:
Rajeevan MN, Naik S (eds) Observed climate variability and
change over the Indian Region. Springer Singapore, pp 181–192.
doi https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2531-0
Peduzzi P, Chatenoux B, Dao H, De Bono A, Herold C, Kossin J et al
(2012) Global trends in tropical cyclone risk. Nat Clim Change 2
(4):289–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1410
Peltier W, Fairbanks RG (2006) Global glacial ice volume and last
glacial maximum duration from an extended Barbados Sea level
record. Quatern Sci Rev 25:3322–3337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
quascirev.2006.04.010
Rao AD, Poulose J, Upadhyay P, Mohanty S (2015) Local-scale
assessment of tropical cyclone induced storm surge inundation over
the coastal zones of India in probabilistic climate risk scenario. In:
Ravela S, Sandu A (eds) Dynamic data-driven environmental
systems science. DyDESS 2014. Lecture notes in computer science,
vol 8964. Springer, Cham
Ray RD, Douglas BC (2011) Experiments in reconstructing
twentieth-century sea levels. Prog Oceanogr 91:495–515
Rhein M (2014) Observations: ocean pages. Climate Change 2013—
The Physical Science Basis, 255–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/
CBO9781107415324.010
Roemmich D, and the Argo Steering Team (2009) Argo: the challenge
of continuing 10 years of progress. Oceanography 22:46–55.
DOI:10.5670/oceanog.2009.65
Shepherd A et al (2018) Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet from
1992 to 2017. Nature 558:219–222
Srinivasu U, Ravichandran USM, Han W, Rahman SSH (2017) Causes
for the reversal of North Indian Ocean decadal sea level trend in
recent two decades. Clim Dyn 49:3887. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-017-3551-y
Stammer D (2008) Response of the global ocean to Greenland and
Antarctic ice melting. J Geophys Res Oceans 113:C06022
Stammer D et al (2013) Causes for contemporary regional sea level
changes. Ann Rev Mar Sci 5:21–46
Steffen W et al (2011) The anthropocene: from global change to
planetary Stewardship. Ambio 40(7):739–761. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s13280-011-0185-x
Swapna P, Jyoti J, Krishnan R, Sandeep N, Griffies SM (2017)
Multidecadal weakening of Indian summer monsoon circulation
induces an increasing northern Indian Ocean sea level. Geophys
Res Lett 44:560–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074706
Taylor KE, Stouffer RJ, Meehl GA (2012) An overview of CMIP5 and
the experiment design. Bull Am Meteor Soc 93:485–498
Thompson PR, Piecuch CG, Merrifield MA, McCreary JP, Firing E
(2016) Forcing of recent decadal variability in the equatorial and
North Indian Ocean. J Geophys Res Oceans 121:6762–6778.
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012132
Trenberth KE, Fasullo JT, Balmaseda MA (2014) Earth’s energy
imbalance. J Clim 27:3129–3144. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-1300294.1
Unnikrishnan A, Kumar R, Sindhu B (2011) Tropical cyclones in the
bay of Bengal and extreme sea level projections along the east coast
of India in a future climate scenario. Curr Sci 101:327–331
Unnikrishnan A, Nidheesh G, Lengaigne M (2015) Sea-level-rise
trends off the Indian coasts during the last two decades. Curr Sci
108:966–971
Unnikrishnan AS, Shankar D (2007) Are sea-level-rise trends along the
coasts of the North Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates?
Glob Planet Change 57(3–4):301–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
gloplacha.2006.11.029
Unnikrishnan A, Sundar SD, Blackman D, Kumar KR, Michael GS
(2006) Sea level changes along the coast of India. Obs Proj 90(3)
Unnikrishnan AS, Manimurali M, Kumar R (2010) Observed sea level
rise, extreme events and future projections. Indian Netw Clim
Change Assess 4:47–66
Unnikrishnan AS, Sundar D, Blackman D (2004) Analysis of extreme
sea level along the east coast of India. J Geophys Res–Oceans 109:
C06023
Vousdoukas MI, Mentaschi L, Voukouvalas E, Verlaan M, Jevrejeva S,
Jackson LP, Feyen L (2018) Global probabilistic projections of
extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard. Nat
Commun 9(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04692-w
Von Schuckmann K et al (2016) An imperative to monitor Earth’s
energy imbalance. Nat Clim Change 6:138–144. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nclimate2876
Vialard J, Duvel J, McPhaden M, Bouruet Aubertot P, Ward B, Key E,
Bourras D, Weller R, Minnett P, Weill A (2009) Cirene: air-sea
interactions in the Seychelles-Chagos thermocline ridge region. Bull
Am
Meteorol
Soc
90:45–61.
https://doi.org/10.1175/
2008BAMS2499.1
Wahl T (2014) Along the US Gulf coast from the late 20th century,
1990, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058777.Received
Wahl T, Haigh ID, Nicholls RJ, Arns A, Dangendorf S, Hinkel J,
Slangen ABA (2017) Understanding extreme sea levels for
broad-scale coastal impact and adaptation analysis. Nat Commun
8(May):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms16075
WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group: Global sea-level budget 1993–
present (2018) Earth Syst. Sci. Data 10:1551–1590. https://doi.org/
10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
Woodruff JD, Irish JL, Camargo SJ (2013) Coastal flooding by tropical
cyclones and sea-level rise. Nature 504(7478):44–52. https://doi.
org/10.1038/nature12855
Woodworth PL, Player R (2003) The permanent service for mean sea
level: an update to the 21st century. J Coastal Res 19:287–295
Zhang X, Church JA (2012) Sea level trends, interannual and decadal
variability in the Pacific Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 39:L21701
188
P. Swapna et al.