Pai DS, Sridhar L, Guhathakurta P, Hatwar HR (2011) District-wide
drought climatology of the southwest monsoon season over India
based on standardized precipitation index (SPI). Nat Hazards
59:1797–1813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9867-8
Pai DS, Guhathakurta P, Kulkarni A, Rajeevan MN (2017) Variability
of meteorological droughts over India. 73–87
Palmer W (1965) Meteorological drought. Research paper no. 45, U.S.
Department of Commerce Weather Bureau
Pant GB, Parthasarathy SB (1981) Some aspects of an association
between the southern oscillation and indian summer monsoon. Arch
Meteorol Geophys Bio Climatol Ser B 29:245–252. https://doi.org/
10.1007/BF02263246
Pant GB, Rupa Kumar K, Sontakke NA, Borgaonkar HP (1993)
Climate variability over India on century and longer time scales. In:
Keshavamurty RN, Joshi PC (eds) Adv Trop Meteorol. Tata
McGraw Hill Pub. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 71–84
Parthasarathy B, Sontakke NA, Monot AA, Kothawale DR (1987)
Droughts/floods in the summer monsoon season over different
meteorological subdivisions of India for the period 1871–1984.
J Climatol 7:57–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370070106
Pervez MS, Henebry GM (2015) Spatial and seasonal responses of
precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins to ENSO
and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and
drought. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:147–162. https://doi.org/10.
5194/nhess-15-147-2015
Preethi B, Kripalani RH, Kumar K (2010) Indian summer monsoon
rainfall variability in global coupled ocean-atmospheric models.
Clim Dyn 35:1521–1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0090657-x
Preethi B, Revadekar JV, Munot AA (2011) Extremes in summer
monsoon precipitation over India during 2001–2009 using CPC
high-resolution data. Int J Remote Sens 32:717–735. https://doi.org/
10.1080/01431161.2010.517795
Preethi B, Mujumdar M, Kripalani RH, Prabhu A, Krishnan R (2017a)
Recent trends and tele-connections among South and East Asian
summer monsoons in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 48:2489–
2505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3218-0
Preethi B, Mujumdar M, Prabhu A, Kripalani R (2017b) Variability and
teleconnections of South and East Asian summer monsoons in
present and future projections of CMIP5 climate models.
Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 53:305–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13143-017-0034-3
Preethi B, Ramya R, Patwardhan SK, Mujumdar M, Kripalani RH
(2019) Variability of Indian summer monsoon droughts in CMIP5
climate models. Clim Dyn 53:1937–1962. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-019-04752-x
Priya P, Mujumdar M, Sabin TP, Terray P, Krishnan R (2015) Impacts
of Indo-Pacific Sea surface temperature anomalies on the summer
monsoon circulation and heavy precipitation over northwest
India-Pakistan region during 2010. J Clim 28:3714–3730. https://
doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00595.1
Rajeevan M, Bhate J, Jaswal AK (2008) Analysis of variability and
trends of extreme rainfall events over India using 104 years of
gridded daily rainfall data. Geophys Res Lett 35:L18707. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035143
Rajeevan M, Unnikrishnan CK, Preethi B (2012) Evaluation of the
ENSEMBLES multi-model seasonal forecasts of Indian summer
monsoon variability. Clim Dyn 38:2257–2274. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-011-1061-x
Raman CRV, Rao YP (1981) Blocking highs over Asia and monsoon
droughts over India. Nature 289:271–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/
289271a0
Ramarao MVS, Krishnan R, Sanjay J, Sabin TP (2015) Understanding
land surface response to changing South Asian monsoon in a
warming climate. Earth Syst Dyn 6(2):569–582. https://doi.org/10.
5194/esd-6-569-2015
Ramarao MVS, Sanjay J, Krishnan R, Mujumdar M, Bazaz A, Revi A
(2019) On observed aridity changes over the semiarid regions of
India in a warming climate. Theor Appl Climatol 136:693–702.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2513-6
Ramaswamy C (1962) Breaks in the Indian summer monsoon as a
phenomenon of interaction between the easterly and the sub-tropical
westerly jet streams. Tellus 14:337–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
2153-3490.1962.tb01346.x
Ramesh Kumar MR, Krishnan R, Sankar S, Unnikrishnan AS, Pai DS
(2009) Increasing trend of break-monsoon conditions over
india-role of ocean-atmosphere processes in the Indian ocean. IEEE
Geosci Remote Sens Lett 6:332–336. https://doi.org/10.1109/
LGRS.2009.201336
Ranade AA, Singh N, Singh H, Sontakke N (2007) Characteristics of
hydrological wet season over different river basins of India. Indian
Institute of Tropical Meteorology, IITM research report RR-119,
ISSN 0252-1075
Rao SA, Chaudhari HS, Pokhrel S, Goswami BN (2010) Unusual
central Indian drought of summer monsoon 2008: role of southern
tropical Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 23:5163–5174. https://doi.
org/10.1175/2010JCLI3257.1
Ray K, Pandey P, Pandey C, Dimri AP, Kishore K (2019) On the recent
floods in India. Current science, vol 117, no 2
Rosenzweig C, Solecki W, Hammer SA, Mehrotra S (2010) Cities lead
the way in climate-change action. Nature 467(7318):909–911.
https://doi.org/10.1038/467909a
Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of
Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 27:8501–8509. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Murtugudde R, Terray P, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in
widespread extreme rain events over central India. Nat Commun
8:708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9
Saji NH, Goswami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A
dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401:360–363.
https://doi.org/10.1038/43854
Sano M, Buckley BM, Sweda T (2009) Tree-ring based hydroclimate
reconstruction over northern Vietnam from Fokieniahodginsii:
eighteenth century mega-drought and tropical Pacific influence.
Clim Dyn 33:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0454-y
Scheff J, Frierson DMW (2014) Scaling potential evapotranspiration
with greenhouse warming. J Clim 27:1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-13-00233.1
Schiermeier Q (2011) Increased flood risk linked to global warming.
Nature 470:316. https://doi.org/10.1038/470316a
Shah R, Mishra V (2014) Evaluation of the reanalysis products for the
monsoon season droughts in India. J Hydrometeorol 15:1575–1591.
https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0103.1
Sharma A, Wasko C, Lettenmaier DP (2018) If precipitation extremes
are increasing, why aren’t floods? Water Resour Res 54:8545–8551.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023749
Sharmila S, Joseph S, Sahai AK, Abhilash S, Chattopadhyay R (2015)
Future projection of Indian summer monsoon variability under
climate change scenario: an assessment from CMIP5 climate
models. Glob Planet Change 124:62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
gloplacha.2014.11.004
Sheffield J, Livneh B, Wood EF (2012) Representation of terrestrial
hydrology and large-scale drought of the continental United States
from the North American regional reanalysis. J Hydrometeorol
13:856–876. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-065.1
Shepherd JM (2005) A review of current investigations of
urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future. Earth
Interact 9:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1175/EI156.1
Shrestha A, Agrawal N, Alfthan B, Bajracharya S, Maréchal J, van
Oort B, (2015) The Himalayan climate and water atlas. 0493(1983)
111<1830:TSOALR>2.0.CO;2
140
M. Mujumdar et al.
drought climatology of the southwest monsoon season over India
based on standardized precipitation index (SPI). Nat Hazards
59:1797–1813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9867-8
Pai DS, Guhathakurta P, Kulkarni A, Rajeevan MN (2017) Variability
of meteorological droughts over India. 73–87
Palmer W (1965) Meteorological drought. Research paper no. 45, U.S.
Department of Commerce Weather Bureau
Pant GB, Parthasarathy SB (1981) Some aspects of an association
between the southern oscillation and indian summer monsoon. Arch
Meteorol Geophys Bio Climatol Ser B 29:245–252. https://doi.org/
10.1007/BF02263246
Pant GB, Rupa Kumar K, Sontakke NA, Borgaonkar HP (1993)
Climate variability over India on century and longer time scales. In:
Keshavamurty RN, Joshi PC (eds) Adv Trop Meteorol. Tata
McGraw Hill Pub. Ltd., New Delhi, pp 71–84
Parthasarathy B, Sontakke NA, Monot AA, Kothawale DR (1987)
Droughts/floods in the summer monsoon season over different
meteorological subdivisions of India for the period 1871–1984.
J Climatol 7:57–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370070106
Pervez MS, Henebry GM (2015) Spatial and seasonal responses of
precipitation in the Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins to ENSO
and Indian Ocean dipole modes: implications for flooding and
drought. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:147–162. https://doi.org/10.
5194/nhess-15-147-2015
Preethi B, Kripalani RH, Kumar K (2010) Indian summer monsoon
rainfall variability in global coupled ocean-atmospheric models.
Clim Dyn 35:1521–1539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0090657-x
Preethi B, Revadekar JV, Munot AA (2011) Extremes in summer
monsoon precipitation over India during 2001–2009 using CPC
high-resolution data. Int J Remote Sens 32:717–735. https://doi.org/
10.1080/01431161.2010.517795
Preethi B, Mujumdar M, Kripalani RH, Prabhu A, Krishnan R (2017a)
Recent trends and tele-connections among South and East Asian
summer monsoons in a warming environment. Clim Dyn 48:2489–
2505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3218-0
Preethi B, Mujumdar M, Prabhu A, Kripalani R (2017b) Variability and
teleconnections of South and East Asian summer monsoons in
present and future projections of CMIP5 climate models.
Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 53:305–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s13143-017-0034-3
Preethi B, Ramya R, Patwardhan SK, Mujumdar M, Kripalani RH
(2019) Variability of Indian summer monsoon droughts in CMIP5
climate models. Clim Dyn 53:1937–1962. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-019-04752-x
Priya P, Mujumdar M, Sabin TP, Terray P, Krishnan R (2015) Impacts
of Indo-Pacific Sea surface temperature anomalies on the summer
monsoon circulation and heavy precipitation over northwest
India-Pakistan region during 2010. J Clim 28:3714–3730. https://
doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00595.1
Rajeevan M, Bhate J, Jaswal AK (2008) Analysis of variability and
trends of extreme rainfall events over India using 104 years of
gridded daily rainfall data. Geophys Res Lett 35:L18707. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035143
Rajeevan M, Unnikrishnan CK, Preethi B (2012) Evaluation of the
ENSEMBLES multi-model seasonal forecasts of Indian summer
monsoon variability. Clim Dyn 38:2257–2274. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-011-1061-x
Raman CRV, Rao YP (1981) Blocking highs over Asia and monsoon
droughts over India. Nature 289:271–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/
289271a0
Ramarao MVS, Krishnan R, Sanjay J, Sabin TP (2015) Understanding
land surface response to changing South Asian monsoon in a
warming climate. Earth Syst Dyn 6(2):569–582. https://doi.org/10.
5194/esd-6-569-2015
Ramarao MVS, Sanjay J, Krishnan R, Mujumdar M, Bazaz A, Revi A
(2019) On observed aridity changes over the semiarid regions of
India in a warming climate. Theor Appl Climatol 136:693–702.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2513-6
Ramaswamy C (1962) Breaks in the Indian summer monsoon as a
phenomenon of interaction between the easterly and the sub-tropical
westerly jet streams. Tellus 14:337–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.
2153-3490.1962.tb01346.x
Ramesh Kumar MR, Krishnan R, Sankar S, Unnikrishnan AS, Pai DS
(2009) Increasing trend of break-monsoon conditions over
india-role of ocean-atmosphere processes in the Indian ocean. IEEE
Geosci Remote Sens Lett 6:332–336. https://doi.org/10.1109/
LGRS.2009.201336
Ranade AA, Singh N, Singh H, Sontakke N (2007) Characteristics of
hydrological wet season over different river basins of India. Indian
Institute of Tropical Meteorology, IITM research report RR-119,
ISSN 0252-1075
Rao SA, Chaudhari HS, Pokhrel S, Goswami BN (2010) Unusual
central Indian drought of summer monsoon 2008: role of southern
tropical Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 23:5163–5174. https://doi.
org/10.1175/2010JCLI3257.1
Ray K, Pandey P, Pandey C, Dimri AP, Kishore K (2019) On the recent
floods in India. Current science, vol 117, no 2
Rosenzweig C, Solecki W, Hammer SA, Mehrotra S (2010) Cities lead
the way in climate-change action. Nature 467(7318):909–911.
https://doi.org/10.1038/467909a
Roxy MK, Ritika K, Terray P, Masson S (2014) The curious case of
Indian Ocean warming. J Clim 27:8501–8509. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-14-00471.1
Roxy MK, Ghosh S, Pathak A, Athulya R, Mujumdar M, Murtugudde R, Terray P, Rajeevan M (2017) A threefold rise in
widespread extreme rain events over central India. Nat Commun
8:708. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9
Saji NH, Goswami BN, Vinayachandran PN, Yamagata T (1999) A
dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature 401:360–363.
https://doi.org/10.1038/43854
Sano M, Buckley BM, Sweda T (2009) Tree-ring based hydroclimate
reconstruction over northern Vietnam from Fokieniahodginsii:
eighteenth century mega-drought and tropical Pacific influence.
Clim Dyn 33:331–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-008-0454-y
Scheff J, Frierson DMW (2014) Scaling potential evapotranspiration
with greenhouse warming. J Clim 27:1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JCLI-D-13-00233.1
Schiermeier Q (2011) Increased flood risk linked to global warming.
Nature 470:316. https://doi.org/10.1038/470316a
Shah R, Mishra V (2014) Evaluation of the reanalysis products for the
monsoon season droughts in India. J Hydrometeorol 15:1575–1591.
https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0103.1
Sharma A, Wasko C, Lettenmaier DP (2018) If precipitation extremes
are increasing, why aren’t floods? Water Resour Res 54:8545–8551.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023749
Sharmila S, Joseph S, Sahai AK, Abhilash S, Chattopadhyay R (2015)
Future projection of Indian summer monsoon variability under
climate change scenario: an assessment from CMIP5 climate
models. Glob Planet Change 124:62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
gloplacha.2014.11.004
Sheffield J, Livneh B, Wood EF (2012) Representation of terrestrial
hydrology and large-scale drought of the continental United States
from the North American regional reanalysis. J Hydrometeorol
13:856–876. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-065.1
Shepherd JM (2005) A review of current investigations of
urban-induced rainfall and recommendations for the future. Earth
Interact 9:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1175/EI156.1
Shrestha A, Agrawal N, Alfthan B, Bajracharya S, Maréchal J, van
Oort B, (2015) The Himalayan climate and water atlas. 0493(1983)
111<1830:TSOALR>2.0.CO;2
140
M. Mujumdar et al.