Shukla S, Wood AW (2008) Use of a standardized runoff index for
characterizing hydrologic drought. Geophys Res Lett 35:L02405.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032487
Sikka DR (1980) Some aspects of the large scale fluctuations of
summer monsoon rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the
planetary and regional scale circulation parameters. Proc Ind Acad
Sci Earth Planet Sci 89:179–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02913749
Sikka DR (1999) Monsoon drought in India. Joint COLA/CARE
technical report No. 2. Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies
(COLA), Center for the Application of Research on the Environment (CARE), 243 pp
Sikka DR (2003) Evaluation of monitoring and forecasting of summer
monsoon over India and a review of monsoon drought of 2002. Proc
Natl Acad Sci India Sect A 69:479–504
Sikka DR, Ray K, Chakravarthy K, Bhan SC, Tyagi A (2015) Heavy
rainfall in the Kedarnath valley of Uttarakhand during the
advancing monsoon phase in June 2013. Curr Sci 109:353–361
Sinha A, Cannariato KG, Stott LD, Cheng H, Edwards RL,
Yadava MG, Ramesh R, Singh IB, (2007) A 900-year (600–1500
A.D.) record of the Indian summer monsoon precipitation from the
core monsoon zone of India. Geophys Res Lett 34. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2007GL030431
Sinha A, Berkelhammer M, Stott L, Mudelsee M, Cheng H, Biswas J
(2011a) The leading mode of Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation variability during the last millennium. Geophys Res Lett 38:
L15703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047713
Sinha A, Stott L, Berkelhammer M, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Buckley B,
Aldenderfer M, Mudelsee M (2011b) A global context for
megadroughts in monsoon Asia during the past millennium. Quat
Sci Rev 30:47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.005
Sinha N, Gandhi N, Chakraborty S, Krishnan R, Yadava M, Ramesh R
(2018) Abrupt climate change at *2800 yr BP evidenced by a
stalagmite record from peninsular India. Holocene 28:1720–1730.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683618788647
Sontakke NA, Singh N, Singh HN (2008) Instrumental period rainfall
series of the Indian region (AD 1813—2005): revised reconstruction, update and analysis. Holocene 18:1055–1066. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0959683608095576
Spinoni et al (2020) Future global meteorological drought hot spots: a
study based on CORDEX data. J Clim 33:3635–3661. https://doi.
org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1
Swaminathan MS (1987) The Indian experience. Monsoons JS, Fein,
Stephens PL (eds) Wiley, New York, pp 121–132
Tejavath CT, Ashok K, Chakraborty S, Ramesh R (2019) A PMIP3
narrative of modulation of ENSO teleconnections to the Indian
summer monsoon by background changes in the Last Millennium.
Clim Dyn 53:3445–3461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-01904718-z
Trenberth K (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim
Res 47:123–138. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953
Turner AG, Annamalai H (2012) Climate change and the South Asian
summer monsoon. Nat Clim Chang 2:587–595. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nclimate1495
van Oldenborgh GJ, Otto FEL, Haustein K, AchutaRao K (2016) The
heavy precipitation event of December 2015 in Chennai, India [in
Explaining extreme events of 2015 from a climate perspective],
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97(12):S87–S91.
http://www.ametsoc.net/eee/2015/17_india_precip.pdf
Vellore RK, Krishnan R, Pendharkar J, Choudhury AD, Sabin TP
(2014) On the anomalous precipitation enhancement over the
Himalayan foothills during monsoon breaks. Clim Dyn 43:2009–
2031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2024-1
Vellore RK, Kaplan ML, Krishnan R., Lewis JM, Sabade S, Deshpande N, Singh BB, Madhura RK, Rama Rao MVS (2016)
Monsoon-extratropical circulation interactions in Himalayan
extreme rainfall. Climate Dynamics 46:3517–3546. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00382-015-2784-x
Vicente-Serrano SM, Beguería S, López-Moreno JI (2010) A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized
precipitation evapotranspiration index. J Clim 23:1696–1718.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1
Ward PJ, Kummu M, Lall U (2016) Flood frequencies and durations
and their response to El Niño Southern oscillation: global analysis.
J Hydrol 539:358–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.
045
Webster PJ, Toma VE, Kim H-M (2011) Were the 2010 Pakistan floods
predictable? Geophys Res Lett 38:n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010gl046346
Wijngaard RR, Lutz AF, Nepal S, Khanal S, Pradhananga S,
Shrestha AB, Immerzeel WW (2017) Future changes in
hydro-climatic extremes in the Upper Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins. PLoS ONE 12:e0190224. https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0190224
Wilhite DA, Glantz MH (1985) Understanding: the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water Int 10:111–120. https://doi.
org/10.1080/02508068508686328
Yadav RK (2012) Why is ENSO influencing Indian northeast monsoon
in the recent decades? Int J Climatol 32:n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.
1002/joc.2430
Yang L, Tian F, Niyogi D (2015) A need to revisit hydrologic
responses to urbanization by incorporating the feedback on spatial
rainfall patterns. Urban Clim 12:128–140
Yang T, Ding J, Liu D, Wang X, Wang T, Yang T, Ding J, Liu D,
Wang X, Wang T (2019) Combined use of multiple drought indices
for global assessment of dry gets drier and wet gets wetter
paradigm. J Clim 32:737–748. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-180261.1
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons
Attribution
4.0
International
License
(http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if
changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in
the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a
credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
6 Droughts and Floods
141
characterizing hydrologic drought. Geophys Res Lett 35:L02405.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032487
Sikka DR (1980) Some aspects of the large scale fluctuations of
summer monsoon rainfall over India in relation to fluctuations in the
planetary and regional scale circulation parameters. Proc Ind Acad
Sci Earth Planet Sci 89:179–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02913749
Sikka DR (1999) Monsoon drought in India. Joint COLA/CARE
technical report No. 2. Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies
(COLA), Center for the Application of Research on the Environment (CARE), 243 pp
Sikka DR (2003) Evaluation of monitoring and forecasting of summer
monsoon over India and a review of monsoon drought of 2002. Proc
Natl Acad Sci India Sect A 69:479–504
Sikka DR, Ray K, Chakravarthy K, Bhan SC, Tyagi A (2015) Heavy
rainfall in the Kedarnath valley of Uttarakhand during the
advancing monsoon phase in June 2013. Curr Sci 109:353–361
Sinha A, Cannariato KG, Stott LD, Cheng H, Edwards RL,
Yadava MG, Ramesh R, Singh IB, (2007) A 900-year (600–1500
A.D.) record of the Indian summer monsoon precipitation from the
core monsoon zone of India. Geophys Res Lett 34. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2007GL030431
Sinha A, Berkelhammer M, Stott L, Mudelsee M, Cheng H, Biswas J
(2011a) The leading mode of Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation variability during the last millennium. Geophys Res Lett 38:
L15703. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047713
Sinha A, Stott L, Berkelhammer M, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Buckley B,
Aldenderfer M, Mudelsee M (2011b) A global context for
megadroughts in monsoon Asia during the past millennium. Quat
Sci Rev 30:47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.005
Sinha N, Gandhi N, Chakraborty S, Krishnan R, Yadava M, Ramesh R
(2018) Abrupt climate change at *2800 yr BP evidenced by a
stalagmite record from peninsular India. Holocene 28:1720–1730.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683618788647
Sontakke NA, Singh N, Singh HN (2008) Instrumental period rainfall
series of the Indian region (AD 1813—2005): revised reconstruction, update and analysis. Holocene 18:1055–1066. https://doi.org/
10.1177/0959683608095576
Spinoni et al (2020) Future global meteorological drought hot spots: a
study based on CORDEX data. J Clim 33:3635–3661. https://doi.
org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0084.1
Swaminathan MS (1987) The Indian experience. Monsoons JS, Fein,
Stephens PL (eds) Wiley, New York, pp 121–132
Tejavath CT, Ashok K, Chakraborty S, Ramesh R (2019) A PMIP3
narrative of modulation of ENSO teleconnections to the Indian
summer monsoon by background changes in the Last Millennium.
Clim Dyn 53:3445–3461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-01904718-z
Trenberth K (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim
Res 47:123–138. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953
Turner AG, Annamalai H (2012) Climate change and the South Asian
summer monsoon. Nat Clim Chang 2:587–595. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nclimate1495
van Oldenborgh GJ, Otto FEL, Haustein K, AchutaRao K (2016) The
heavy precipitation event of December 2015 in Chennai, India [in
Explaining extreme events of 2015 from a climate perspective],
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97(12):S87–S91.
http://www.ametsoc.net/eee/2015/17_india_precip.pdf
Vellore RK, Krishnan R, Pendharkar J, Choudhury AD, Sabin TP
(2014) On the anomalous precipitation enhancement over the
Himalayan foothills during monsoon breaks. Clim Dyn 43:2009–
2031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-2024-1
Vellore RK, Kaplan ML, Krishnan R., Lewis JM, Sabade S, Deshpande N, Singh BB, Madhura RK, Rama Rao MVS (2016)
Monsoon-extratropical circulation interactions in Himalayan
extreme rainfall. Climate Dynamics 46:3517–3546. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00382-015-2784-x
Vicente-Serrano SM, Beguería S, López-Moreno JI (2010) A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized
precipitation evapotranspiration index. J Clim 23:1696–1718.
https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1
Ward PJ, Kummu M, Lall U (2016) Flood frequencies and durations
and their response to El Niño Southern oscillation: global analysis.
J Hydrol 539:358–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.
045
Webster PJ, Toma VE, Kim H-M (2011) Were the 2010 Pakistan floods
predictable? Geophys Res Lett 38:n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2010gl046346
Wijngaard RR, Lutz AF, Nepal S, Khanal S, Pradhananga S,
Shrestha AB, Immerzeel WW (2017) Future changes in
hydro-climatic extremes in the Upper Indus Ganges and Brahmaputra River basins. PLoS ONE 12:e0190224. https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pone.0190224
Wilhite DA, Glantz MH (1985) Understanding: the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. Water Int 10:111–120. https://doi.
org/10.1080/02508068508686328
Yadav RK (2012) Why is ENSO influencing Indian northeast monsoon
in the recent decades? Int J Climatol 32:n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.
1002/joc.2430
Yang L, Tian F, Niyogi D (2015) A need to revisit hydrologic
responses to urbanization by incorporating the feedback on spatial
rainfall patterns. Urban Clim 12:128–140
Yang T, Ding J, Liu D, Wang X, Wang T, Yang T, Ding J, Liu D,
Wang X, Wang T (2019) Combined use of multiple drought indices
for global assessment of dry gets drier and wet gets wetter
paradigm. J Clim 32:737–748. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-180261.1
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons
Attribution
4.0
International
License
(http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if
changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in
the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a
credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
6 Droughts and Floods
141