Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R, Mujumdar M, Sanjay J,
Goswami BN, Hourdin F, Dufresne JL, Terray P (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon hydroclimate
in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47:1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-015-2886-5
Kumar KK, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA (1999) On the weakening
relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science
284:2156–2159. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156
Kumar KK, Rajagopalan B, Hoerling M, Bates G, Cane M (2006)
Unraveling the mystery of Indian monsoon failure during El Nino.
Science 80(314):115–119. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131152
Kumar P, Rupa Kumar K, Rajeevan M, Sahai AK (2007) On the recent
strengthening of the relationship between ENSO and northeast
monsoon rainfall over South Asia. ClimDyn 28:649–660. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0210-0
Liu J, Niyogi D (2019) Meta-analysis of urbanization impact on rainfall
modification. Sci Rep 9(1):7301
Lutz AF, Immerzeel WW, Shrestha AB, Bierkens MFP (2014)
Consistent increase in High Asia’s runoff due to increasing glacier
melt and precipitation. Nat Clim Change 4:587–592. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nclimate2237
Lutz AF, TerMaat HW, Wijngaard RR, Biemans H, Syed A,
Shrestha AB, Wester P, Immerzeel WW (2019) South Asian river
basins in a 1.5 °C warmer world. Reg Environ Change 19:833–847.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1433-4
Mallya G, Mishra V, Niyogi D, Tripathi S, Govindaraju RS (2016)
Trends and variability of droughts over the Indian monsoon region.
Weather Clim Extremes 12:43–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.
2016.01.002
Mann ME, Zhang Z, Rutherford S, Bradley RS, Hughes MK,
Shindell D, Ammann C, Faluvegi G, Ni F (2009) Global signatures
and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate
anomaly. Science (80):326 1256–1260. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1177303
Masood M, Yeh PJF, Hanasaki N, Takeuchi K (2015) Model study of
the impacts of future climate change on the hydrology of
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
19:747–770. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-747-2015
McKee TB, Nolan J, Kleist J (1993) The relationship of drought
frequency and duration to time scales. Prepr Eighth Conf Appl
Climatol Am Meteor Soc
Menon A, Levermann A, Schewe J, Lehmann J, Frieler K (2013)
Consistent increase in Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability
across CMIP-5 models. Earth Syst Dyn 4:287–300. https://doi.org/
10.5194/esd-4-287-2013
Milly PCD, Wetherald RT, Dunne KA, Delworth TL (2002) Increasing
risk of great floods in a changing climate. Nature 415:514–517.
https://doi.org/10.1038/415514a
Mirza MMQ (2003) Three recent extreme floods in Bangladesh: a
hydro-meteorological analysis. Nat Hazards 28:35–64. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1021169731325
Mirza MMQ (2011) Climate change, flooding in South Asia and
implications. Reg Environ Chang 11:95–107. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10113-010-0184-7
Mirza MMQ, Warrick RA, Ericksen NJ (2003) The implications of
climate change on floods of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna
rivers in Bangladesh. Clim Change. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:
1022825915791
Mishra V, Lilhare R (2016) Hydrologic sensitivity of Indian
sub-continental river basins to climate change. Glob Planet Change
139:78–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.01.003
Mishra V, Shah HL (2018) Hydroclimatological perspective of the
Kerala flood of 2018. J GeolSoc India 92:645–650. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s12594-018-1079-3
Mishra V, Dominguez F, Lettenmaier DP (2012a) Urban precipitation
extremes: how reliable are regional climate models? Geophys Res
Lett 39:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050658
Mishra V, Smoliak BV, Lettenmaier DP, Wallace JM (2012b) A
prominent pattern of year-to-year variability in Indian Summer
Monsoon Rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:7213–7217.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119150109
Mishra V, Kumar D, Ganguly AR, Sanjay J, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R,
Shah RD (2014) Reliability of regional and global climate models to
simulate precipitation extremes over India. J Geophys Res Atmos.
119:9301–9323. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021636
Mishra V, Aadhar S, Asoka A, Pai S, Kumar R (2016) On the
frequency of the 2015 monsoon season drought in the
Indo-Gangetic Plain. Geophys Res Lett 43:12102–12112. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071407
Mishra V, Shah R, Azhar S, Shah H, Modi P, Kumar R (2018)
Reconstruction of droughts in India using multiple land-surface
models (1951–2015). Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 22:2269–2284. https://
doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2269-2018
Mishra V, Tiwari AD, Aadhar S et al (2019) Drought and Famine in
India, 1870–2016. Geophys Res Lett 46:2075–2083. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2018gl081477
Mooley DA (1976) Worst summer monsoon failures over the Asiatic
monsoon area. Proc Ind Natl Sci Acad 42:34–43
Mujumdar M, Kumar V, Krishnan R (2007) The Indian summer
monsoon drought of 2002 and its linkage with tropical convective
activity over northwest Pacific. Clim Dyn 28:743–758. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00382-006-0208-7
Mujumdar M, Preethi B, Sabin TP, Ashok K, Saeed S, Pai DS,
Krishnan R (2012) The Asian summer monsoon response to the La
Niña event of 2010. Meteorol Appl 19:216–225. https://doi.org/10.
1002/met.130
Mujumdar M, Sooraj KP, Krishnan R, Preethi B, Joshi MK, Varikoden H, Singh BB, Rajeevan M (2017a) Anomalous convective
activity over sub-tropical east Pacific during 2015 and associated
boreal summer monsoon teleconnections. Clim Dyn 48:4081–4091.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3321-2
Mujumdar M, Goswami M, Ganeshi N, Sabade SS, Morrison R,
Muddu S, Krishnan R, Ball L, Cooper H, Evans J, Jenkins A
(2017b) The field scale soil moisture analysis using COSMOS-India
network to explore water resource quantity and quality for water
supply, agriculture and aquaculture over the Indian regions.
India UK Water Centre (IUKWC) Workshop: Enhancing Freshwater Monitoring through Earth Observation, Stirling, UK, 19–21 June
2017 (http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/517252/)
Najibi N, Devineni N (2018) Recent trends in the frequency and
duration of global floods. Earth Syst Dyn 9:757–783. https://doi.
org/10.5194/esd-9-757-2018
Nandargi SS, Shelar A (2018) Rainfall and flood studies of the Ganga
River Basin in India. Ann Geogr Stud 1:34–50
Neena JM, Suhas E, Goswami BN (2011) Leading role of internal
dynamics in the 2009 Indian summer monsoon drought. J Geophys
Res 116:D13103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015328
Niranjan Kumar K, Rajeevan M, Pai DS, Srivastava AK, Preethi B
(2013) On the observed variability of monsoon droughts over India.
Weather Clim Extremes 1:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WACE.
2013.07.006
Niyas NT, Srivastava AK, Hatwar HR (2009) Variability and trend in
the cyclonic storms over north indian ocean. India Meteorological
Department, MET Monograph No. Cyclone Warning—3/2009
Niyogi D, Kishtawal C, Tripathi S, Govindaraju RS (2010) Observational evidence that agricultural intensification and land use change
may be reducing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Water
Resour Res 46(3)
6 Droughts and Floods
139
Goswami BN, Hourdin F, Dufresne JL, Terray P (2016) Deciphering the desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon hydroclimate
in a warming world. Clim Dyn 47:1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-015-2886-5
Kumar KK, Rajagopalan B, Cane MA (1999) On the weakening
relationship between the Indian monsoon and ENSO. Science
284:2156–2159. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2156
Kumar KK, Rajagopalan B, Hoerling M, Bates G, Cane M (2006)
Unraveling the mystery of Indian monsoon failure during El Nino.
Science 80(314):115–119. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131152
Kumar P, Rupa Kumar K, Rajeevan M, Sahai AK (2007) On the recent
strengthening of the relationship between ENSO and northeast
monsoon rainfall over South Asia. ClimDyn 28:649–660. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0210-0
Liu J, Niyogi D (2019) Meta-analysis of urbanization impact on rainfall
modification. Sci Rep 9(1):7301
Lutz AF, Immerzeel WW, Shrestha AB, Bierkens MFP (2014)
Consistent increase in High Asia’s runoff due to increasing glacier
melt and precipitation. Nat Clim Change 4:587–592. https://doi.org/
10.1038/nclimate2237
Lutz AF, TerMaat HW, Wijngaard RR, Biemans H, Syed A,
Shrestha AB, Wester P, Immerzeel WW (2019) South Asian river
basins in a 1.5 °C warmer world. Reg Environ Change 19:833–847.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1433-4
Mallya G, Mishra V, Niyogi D, Tripathi S, Govindaraju RS (2016)
Trends and variability of droughts over the Indian monsoon region.
Weather Clim Extremes 12:43–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.
2016.01.002
Mann ME, Zhang Z, Rutherford S, Bradley RS, Hughes MK,
Shindell D, Ammann C, Faluvegi G, Ni F (2009) Global signatures
and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate
anomaly. Science (80):326 1256–1260. https://doi.org/10.1126/
science.1177303
Masood M, Yeh PJF, Hanasaki N, Takeuchi K (2015) Model study of
the impacts of future climate change on the hydrology of
Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci
19:747–770. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-747-2015
McKee TB, Nolan J, Kleist J (1993) The relationship of drought
frequency and duration to time scales. Prepr Eighth Conf Appl
Climatol Am Meteor Soc
Menon A, Levermann A, Schewe J, Lehmann J, Frieler K (2013)
Consistent increase in Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability
across CMIP-5 models. Earth Syst Dyn 4:287–300. https://doi.org/
10.5194/esd-4-287-2013
Milly PCD, Wetherald RT, Dunne KA, Delworth TL (2002) Increasing
risk of great floods in a changing climate. Nature 415:514–517.
https://doi.org/10.1038/415514a
Mirza MMQ (2003) Three recent extreme floods in Bangladesh: a
hydro-meteorological analysis. Nat Hazards 28:35–64. https://doi.
org/10.1023/A:1021169731325
Mirza MMQ (2011) Climate change, flooding in South Asia and
implications. Reg Environ Chang 11:95–107. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s10113-010-0184-7
Mirza MMQ, Warrick RA, Ericksen NJ (2003) The implications of
climate change on floods of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna
rivers in Bangladesh. Clim Change. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:
1022825915791
Mishra V, Lilhare R (2016) Hydrologic sensitivity of Indian
sub-continental river basins to climate change. Glob Planet Change
139:78–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.01.003
Mishra V, Shah HL (2018) Hydroclimatological perspective of the
Kerala flood of 2018. J GeolSoc India 92:645–650. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s12594-018-1079-3
Mishra V, Dominguez F, Lettenmaier DP (2012a) Urban precipitation
extremes: how reliable are regional climate models? Geophys Res
Lett 39:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050658
Mishra V, Smoliak BV, Lettenmaier DP, Wallace JM (2012b) A
prominent pattern of year-to-year variability in Indian Summer
Monsoon Rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:7213–7217.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1119150109
Mishra V, Kumar D, Ganguly AR, Sanjay J, Mujumdar M, Krishnan R,
Shah RD (2014) Reliability of regional and global climate models to
simulate precipitation extremes over India. J Geophys Res Atmos.
119:9301–9323. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021636
Mishra V, Aadhar S, Asoka A, Pai S, Kumar R (2016) On the
frequency of the 2015 monsoon season drought in the
Indo-Gangetic Plain. Geophys Res Lett 43:12102–12112. https://
doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071407
Mishra V, Shah R, Azhar S, Shah H, Modi P, Kumar R (2018)
Reconstruction of droughts in India using multiple land-surface
models (1951–2015). Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 22:2269–2284. https://
doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2269-2018
Mishra V, Tiwari AD, Aadhar S et al (2019) Drought and Famine in
India, 1870–2016. Geophys Res Lett 46:2075–2083. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2018gl081477
Mooley DA (1976) Worst summer monsoon failures over the Asiatic
monsoon area. Proc Ind Natl Sci Acad 42:34–43
Mujumdar M, Kumar V, Krishnan R (2007) The Indian summer
monsoon drought of 2002 and its linkage with tropical convective
activity over northwest Pacific. Clim Dyn 28:743–758. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00382-006-0208-7
Mujumdar M, Preethi B, Sabin TP, Ashok K, Saeed S, Pai DS,
Krishnan R (2012) The Asian summer monsoon response to the La
Niña event of 2010. Meteorol Appl 19:216–225. https://doi.org/10.
1002/met.130
Mujumdar M, Sooraj KP, Krishnan R, Preethi B, Joshi MK, Varikoden H, Singh BB, Rajeevan M (2017a) Anomalous convective
activity over sub-tropical east Pacific during 2015 and associated
boreal summer monsoon teleconnections. Clim Dyn 48:4081–4091.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3321-2
Mujumdar M, Goswami M, Ganeshi N, Sabade SS, Morrison R,
Muddu S, Krishnan R, Ball L, Cooper H, Evans J, Jenkins A
(2017b) The field scale soil moisture analysis using COSMOS-India
network to explore water resource quantity and quality for water
supply, agriculture and aquaculture over the Indian regions.
India UK Water Centre (IUKWC) Workshop: Enhancing Freshwater Monitoring through Earth Observation, Stirling, UK, 19–21 June
2017 (http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/517252/)
Najibi N, Devineni N (2018) Recent trends in the frequency and
duration of global floods. Earth Syst Dyn 9:757–783. https://doi.
org/10.5194/esd-9-757-2018
Nandargi SS, Shelar A (2018) Rainfall and flood studies of the Ganga
River Basin in India. Ann Geogr Stud 1:34–50
Neena JM, Suhas E, Goswami BN (2011) Leading role of internal
dynamics in the 2009 Indian summer monsoon drought. J Geophys
Res 116:D13103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015328
Niranjan Kumar K, Rajeevan M, Pai DS, Srivastava AK, Preethi B
(2013) On the observed variability of monsoon droughts over India.
Weather Clim Extremes 1:42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WACE.
2013.07.006
Niyas NT, Srivastava AK, Hatwar HR (2009) Variability and trend in
the cyclonic storms over north indian ocean. India Meteorological
Department, MET Monograph No. Cyclone Warning—3/2009
Niyogi D, Kishtawal C, Tripathi S, Govindaraju RS (2010) Observational evidence that agricultural intensification and land use change
may be reducing the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Water
Resour Res 46(3)
6 Droughts and Floods
139