Dhar ON, Nandargi S (2000) A study of floods in the Brahmaputra basin in India. Int J Climatol 20:771–781. https://doi.org/10.
1002/1097-0088(20000615)20:7%3c771:AID-JOC518%3e3.0.
CO;2-Z
Dhar ON, Nandargi S (2003) Hydrometeorological aspects of floods in
India. Nat Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021199714487
Francis PA, Gadgil S (2010) Towards understanding the unusual Indian
monsoon in 2009. J Earth Syst Sci 119:397–415. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s12040-010-0033-6
Gadgil S, Gadgil S (2006) The Indian monsoon, GDP and agriculture.
Econ Polit Weekly 4887–4895
Goswami BN (1998) Interannual variations of Indian summer monsoon
in a GCM: external conditions versus internal feedbacks. J Clim
11:501–522. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011%3c0501:
IVOISM%3e2.0.CO;2
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D et al (2006) Increasing trend
of extreme rain events over india in a warming environment.
Science 314:1442–1445. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132027
Goswami P, Shivappa H, Goud BS (2010) Impact of urbanization on
tropical mesoscale events: investigation of three heavy rainfall
events. Meteorol Zeitschrift 19:385–397. https://doi.org/10.1127/
0941-2948/2010/0468
Goswami BN, Kripalani RH, Borgaonkar HP, Preethi B (2015)
Multi-decadal variability in Indian summer monsoon rainfall using
proxy data. In: Chang CP, Ghil M, Latif M, Wallace J (eds) Climate
change multidecadal and beyond. World Scientific Publishing Co.,
Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, pp 327–345
Guhathakurta P, Sreejith OP, Menon PA (2011) Impact of climate
change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India. J Earth
Syst Sci 120:359–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-011-0082-5
Gupta K, Nikam V (2013) A methodology for rapid inundation
mapping for a megacity with sparse data: case of Mumbai, India.
IAHS-AISH Publication 357:385–391
Hallegatte S, Ranger N, Bhattacharya S, Bachu M, Priya S, Dhore K,
Rafique F, Mathur P, Naville N, Henriet F, Patwardhan A,
Narayanan K, Ghosh S, Karmakar S, Patnaik U, Abhayankar A,
Pohit S, Corfee-Morlot J, Herweijer C (2010) Flood risks climate
change impacts and adaptation benefits in Mumbai. OECD Environ.
In: Working paper. https://doi.org/10.1787/5km4hv6wb434-en
Hao Z, AghaKouchak A (2013) Multivariate standardized drought
index: a parametric multi-index model. Adv Water Resour 57
(2013):12–18
Higgins SA, Overeem I, Steckler MS, Syvitski JPM, Seeber L,
Akhter SH (2014) InSAR measurements of compaction and
subsidence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Bangladesh. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 119:1768–1781. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2014JF003117
Hirabayashi Y, Mahendran R, Koirala S, Konoshima L, Yamazaki D,
Watanabe S, Kim H, Kanae S (2013) Global flood risk under
climate change. Nat Clim Chang 3:816–821. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nclimate1911
Houze RA, Rasmussen KL, Medina S, Brodzik SR, Romatschke U
(2011) Anomalous atmospheric events leading to the summer 2010
floods in Pakistan. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 92:291–298. https://doi.
org/10.1175/2010BAMS3173.1
Jayasankar CB, Surendran S, Rajendran K (2015) Robust signals of
future projections of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by IPCC AR5
climate models: Role of seasonal cycle and interannual variability.
Geophys Res Lett 42:3513–3520. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2015GL063659
Joseph S, Sahai AK, Goswami BN (2010) Boreal summer intraseasonal
oscillations and seasonal Indian monsoon prediction in DEMETER
coupled models. Clim Dyn 35:651–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-009-0635-3
Kale VS (2003) Geomorphic effects of monsoon floods on Indian
rivers. Nat Hazards 28:65–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:
1021121815395
Kale V (2012) On the link between extreme floods and excess monsoon
epochs in South Asia. Clim Dyn 39:1107–1122. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-011-1251-6
Kale VS, Baker VR (2006) An extraordinary period of low-magnitude
floods coinciding with the Little Ice Age: Palaeoflood evidence from
central and western India. J GeolSoc India 68:477–483
Karl TR, Karl TR (1983) Some spatial characteristics of drought
duration in the United States. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:1356–1366.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022%3c1356:SSCODD%
3e2.0.CO;2
Kathayat G, Cheng H, Sinha A, Yi L, Li X, Zhang H, Li H, Ning Y,
Edwards RL (2017) The Indian monsoon variability and civilization
changes in the Indian subcontinent. Sci Adv 3:1–9. https://doi.org/
10.1126/sciadv.1701296
Kay S, Caesar J, Wolf J, Bricheno L, Nicholls RJ, Saiful Islam AKM,
Haque A, Pardaens A, Lowe JA (2015) Modelling the increased
frequency of extreme sea levels in the Ganges-BrahmaputraMeghna delta due to sea level rise and other effects of climate
change. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17(7):1311–1322. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C4EM00683F
Kelkar RR (2006) The Indian monsoon as a component of the climate
system during the Holocene. J Geol Soc India 68(3):347–352
Kishtawal CM, Niyogi D, Tewari M, Pielke RA Sr, Shepherd JM
(2010) Urbanization signature in the observed heavy rainfall
climatology over India. Int J Climatol 30:1908–1916. https://doi.
org/10.1002/joc.2044
Kishtawal CM, Jaiswal N, Singh R, Niyogi D (2012) Tropical cyclone
intensification trends during satellite era (1986–2010). Geophys Res
Lett 39(10)
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1997) Climatic impact of El Niño/La Niña
on the Indian monsoon: a new perspective. Weather 52:39–46.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06267.x
Kripalani RH, Kumar P (2004) Northeast monsoon rainfall variability
over south peninsular India vis-à-vis the Indian Ocean dipole mode.
Int J Climatol 24:1267–1282. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1071
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A, Sabade SS, Revadekar JV, Patwardhan SK,
Kulkarni JR (2004) Intra-seasonal oscillations during monsoon
2002 and 2003. Curr Sci 87:327–331
Krishnamurti TN, Bedi HS, Subramaniam M et al (1989) The summer
monsoon of 1987. J Clim 2:321–340. https://doi.org/10.1175/15200442(1989)002%3c0321:TSMO%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnamurti TN, Thomas A, Simon A, Kumar V (2010) Desert air
incursions, an overlooked aspect, for the dry spells of the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 67:3423–3441. https://doi.org/10.
1175/2010JAS3440.1
Krishnan R, Sugi M (2003) Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of
the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Clim Dyn 21:233–242. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8
Krishnan R, Zhang C, Sugi M (2000) Dynamics of breaks in the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 57:1354–1372. https://doi.org/10.
1175/1520-0469(2000)057%3c1354:DOBITI%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnan R, Mujumdar M, Vaidya V, Ramesh KV, Satyan V (2003)
The abnormal Indian summer monsoon of 2000. J Clim 16:1177–
1194. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16%3c1177:TAISMO
%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnan R, Ramesh KV, Samala BK, Meyers G, Slingo JM,
Fennessy MJ (2006) Indian Ocean-monsoon coupled interactions
and impending monsoon droughts. Geophys Res Lett 33:L08711.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025811
Krishnan R, Kumar V, Sugi M, Yoshimura J (2009) Internal feedbacks
from monsoon midlatitude interactions during droughts in the
Indian summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 66:553–578. https://doi.org/
10.1175/2008JAS2723.1
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Ayantika DC, Kitoh A, Sugi M, Murakami H,
Turner AG, Slingo JM, Rajendran K (2013) Will the South Asian
monsoon overturning circulation stabilize any further? Clim Dyn
40:187–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1317-0
138
M. Mujumdar et al.
1002/1097-0088(20000615)20:7%3c771:AID-JOC518%3e3.0.
CO;2-Z
Dhar ON, Nandargi S (2003) Hydrometeorological aspects of floods in
India. Nat Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021199714487
Francis PA, Gadgil S (2010) Towards understanding the unusual Indian
monsoon in 2009. J Earth Syst Sci 119:397–415. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s12040-010-0033-6
Gadgil S, Gadgil S (2006) The Indian monsoon, GDP and agriculture.
Econ Polit Weekly 4887–4895
Goswami BN (1998) Interannual variations of Indian summer monsoon
in a GCM: external conditions versus internal feedbacks. J Clim
11:501–522. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011%3c0501:
IVOISM%3e2.0.CO;2
Goswami BN, Venugopal V, Sengupta D et al (2006) Increasing trend
of extreme rain events over india in a warming environment.
Science 314:1442–1445. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132027
Goswami P, Shivappa H, Goud BS (2010) Impact of urbanization on
tropical mesoscale events: investigation of three heavy rainfall
events. Meteorol Zeitschrift 19:385–397. https://doi.org/10.1127/
0941-2948/2010/0468
Goswami BN, Kripalani RH, Borgaonkar HP, Preethi B (2015)
Multi-decadal variability in Indian summer monsoon rainfall using
proxy data. In: Chang CP, Ghil M, Latif M, Wallace J (eds) Climate
change multidecadal and beyond. World Scientific Publishing Co.,
Pvt. Ltd., Singapore, pp 327–345
Guhathakurta P, Sreejith OP, Menon PA (2011) Impact of climate
change on extreme rainfall events and flood risk in India. J Earth
Syst Sci 120:359–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-011-0082-5
Gupta K, Nikam V (2013) A methodology for rapid inundation
mapping for a megacity with sparse data: case of Mumbai, India.
IAHS-AISH Publication 357:385–391
Hallegatte S, Ranger N, Bhattacharya S, Bachu M, Priya S, Dhore K,
Rafique F, Mathur P, Naville N, Henriet F, Patwardhan A,
Narayanan K, Ghosh S, Karmakar S, Patnaik U, Abhayankar A,
Pohit S, Corfee-Morlot J, Herweijer C (2010) Flood risks climate
change impacts and adaptation benefits in Mumbai. OECD Environ.
In: Working paper. https://doi.org/10.1787/5km4hv6wb434-en
Hao Z, AghaKouchak A (2013) Multivariate standardized drought
index: a parametric multi-index model. Adv Water Resour 57
(2013):12–18
Higgins SA, Overeem I, Steckler MS, Syvitski JPM, Seeber L,
Akhter SH (2014) InSAR measurements of compaction and
subsidence in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta Bangladesh. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 119:1768–1781. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2014JF003117
Hirabayashi Y, Mahendran R, Koirala S, Konoshima L, Yamazaki D,
Watanabe S, Kim H, Kanae S (2013) Global flood risk under
climate change. Nat Clim Chang 3:816–821. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nclimate1911
Houze RA, Rasmussen KL, Medina S, Brodzik SR, Romatschke U
(2011) Anomalous atmospheric events leading to the summer 2010
floods in Pakistan. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 92:291–298. https://doi.
org/10.1175/2010BAMS3173.1
Jayasankar CB, Surendran S, Rajendran K (2015) Robust signals of
future projections of Indian summer monsoon rainfall by IPCC AR5
climate models: Role of seasonal cycle and interannual variability.
Geophys Res Lett 42:3513–3520. https://doi.org/10.1002/
2015GL063659
Joseph S, Sahai AK, Goswami BN (2010) Boreal summer intraseasonal
oscillations and seasonal Indian monsoon prediction in DEMETER
coupled models. Clim Dyn 35:651–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-009-0635-3
Kale VS (2003) Geomorphic effects of monsoon floods on Indian
rivers. Nat Hazards 28:65–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:
1021121815395
Kale V (2012) On the link between extreme floods and excess monsoon
epochs in South Asia. Clim Dyn 39:1107–1122. https://doi.org/10.
1007/s00382-011-1251-6
Kale VS, Baker VR (2006) An extraordinary period of low-magnitude
floods coinciding with the Little Ice Age: Palaeoflood evidence from
central and western India. J GeolSoc India 68:477–483
Karl TR, Karl TR (1983) Some spatial characteristics of drought
duration in the United States. J Clim Appl Meteorol 22:1356–1366.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1983)022%3c1356:SSCODD%
3e2.0.CO;2
Kathayat G, Cheng H, Sinha A, Yi L, Li X, Zhang H, Li H, Ning Y,
Edwards RL (2017) The Indian monsoon variability and civilization
changes in the Indian subcontinent. Sci Adv 3:1–9. https://doi.org/
10.1126/sciadv.1701296
Kay S, Caesar J, Wolf J, Bricheno L, Nicholls RJ, Saiful Islam AKM,
Haque A, Pardaens A, Lowe JA (2015) Modelling the increased
frequency of extreme sea levels in the Ganges-BrahmaputraMeghna delta due to sea level rise and other effects of climate
change. Environ Sci Process Impacts 17(7):1311–1322. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C4EM00683F
Kelkar RR (2006) The Indian monsoon as a component of the climate
system during the Holocene. J Geol Soc India 68(3):347–352
Kishtawal CM, Niyogi D, Tewari M, Pielke RA Sr, Shepherd JM
(2010) Urbanization signature in the observed heavy rainfall
climatology over India. Int J Climatol 30:1908–1916. https://doi.
org/10.1002/joc.2044
Kishtawal CM, Jaiswal N, Singh R, Niyogi D (2012) Tropical cyclone
intensification trends during satellite era (1986–2010). Geophys Res
Lett 39(10)
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A (1997) Climatic impact of El Niño/La Niña
on the Indian monsoon: a new perspective. Weather 52:39–46.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1997.tb06267.x
Kripalani RH, Kumar P (2004) Northeast monsoon rainfall variability
over south peninsular India vis-à-vis the Indian Ocean dipole mode.
Int J Climatol 24:1267–1282. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1071
Kripalani RH, Kulkarni A, Sabade SS, Revadekar JV, Patwardhan SK,
Kulkarni JR (2004) Intra-seasonal oscillations during monsoon
2002 and 2003. Curr Sci 87:327–331
Krishnamurti TN, Bedi HS, Subramaniam M et al (1989) The summer
monsoon of 1987. J Clim 2:321–340. https://doi.org/10.1175/15200442(1989)002%3c0321:TSMO%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnamurti TN, Thomas A, Simon A, Kumar V (2010) Desert air
incursions, an overlooked aspect, for the dry spells of the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 67:3423–3441. https://doi.org/10.
1175/2010JAS3440.1
Krishnan R, Sugi M (2003) Pacific decadal oscillation and variability of
the Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Clim Dyn 21:233–242. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8
Krishnan R, Zhang C, Sugi M (2000) Dynamics of breaks in the Indian
summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 57:1354–1372. https://doi.org/10.
1175/1520-0469(2000)057%3c1354:DOBITI%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnan R, Mujumdar M, Vaidya V, Ramesh KV, Satyan V (2003)
The abnormal Indian summer monsoon of 2000. J Clim 16:1177–
1194. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)16%3c1177:TAISMO
%3e2.0.CO;2
Krishnan R, Ramesh KV, Samala BK, Meyers G, Slingo JM,
Fennessy MJ (2006) Indian Ocean-monsoon coupled interactions
and impending monsoon droughts. Geophys Res Lett 33:L08711.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025811
Krishnan R, Kumar V, Sugi M, Yoshimura J (2009) Internal feedbacks
from monsoon midlatitude interactions during droughts in the
Indian summer monsoon. J Atmos Sci 66:553–578. https://doi.org/
10.1175/2008JAS2723.1
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Ayantika DC, Kitoh A, Sugi M, Murakami H,
Turner AG, Slingo JM, Rajendran K (2013) Will the South Asian
monsoon overturning circulation stabilize any further? Clim Dyn
40:187–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1317-0
138
M. Mujumdar et al.