climate (Lutz et al. 2014). The enhanced flood risk is likely
due to increasing stream flow and run-off associated with the
projected increase in frequency of extreme rainfall events
over the major Indian river basins and is compounded by
glacier and snowmelt over the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra.
The projected enhanced droughts and flood risk over India
highlight the potential need for a better adaptation and
mitigation strategies.
References
Aadhar S, Mishra V (2017) High-resolution near real-time drought
monitoring in South Asia. Sci Data 4:170145. https://doi.org/10.
1038/sdata.2017.145
Aadhar S, Mishra V (2018) Impact of climate change on drought
frequency over India. Book Climate Change and Water Resources
in India Publisher: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India
Ali H, Mishra V (2018) Increase in subdaily precipitation extremes in
india under 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming worlds. Geophys Res Lett 45
(14):6972–6982
Ali H, Modi P, Mishra V (2019) Increased flood risk in Indian
sub-continent under the warming climate. Weather Clim Extrems
25:100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WACE.2019.100212
Anderson MC, Hain C, Wardlow B, Agustin P, John RM, William PK
(2011) Evaluation of drought indices based on thermal remote
sensing of evapotranspiration over the continental United States.
J Clim 24:2025–2044. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3812.1
Ashok K, Guan Z, Yamagata T (2001) Impact of the Indian Ocean
dipole on the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and
ENSO. Geophys Res Lett 28:4499–4502. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2001GL013294
Ashok K, Behera SK, Rao SA, Weng Hengyi, Yamagata Toshio (2007)
El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J Geophys Res
112:C11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003798
Asoka A, Gleeson T, Wada Y, Mishra V (2017) Relative contribution
of monsoon precipitation and pumping to changes in groundwater
storage in India. Nat Geosci 10:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ngeo2869
Azad S, Rajeevan M (2016) Possible shift in the ENSO-Indian
monsoon rainfall relationship under future global warming. Sci Rep
6:20145. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20145
Balachandran S, Asokan R, Sridharan S (2006) Global surface
temperature in relation to northeast monsoon rainfall over Tamil
Nadu. J Earth Syst Sci 115:349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02702047
Band S, Yadava MG, Lone MA, Shen C-C, Sree K, Ramesh R (2018)
High-resolution mid-Holocene Indian summer monsoon recorded in
a stalagmite from the Kotumsar Cave, Central India. Quat Int
479:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.QUAINT.2018.01.026
Bhalme HN, Mooley DA (1980) Large-scale droughts/floods and
monsoon circulation. Mon Weather Rev 108:1197–1211. https://
doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108%3c1197:LSDAMC%3e2.0.
CO;2
Bhattacharyya NN, Bora AK (1997) Floods of the Brahmaputra River
in India. Water Int 22:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/
02508069708686709
Bisht DS, Sridhar V, Mishra A, Chatterjee C, Raghuwanshi NS (2019)
Drought characterization over India under projected climate
scenario. Int J Climatol 39:1889–1911. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.
5922
Borgaonkar HP, Sikder AB, Ram S, Pant GB (2010) El Niño and
related monsoon drought signals in 523-year-long ring width
records of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) trees from south India.
Palaeogeogr Palaeo climatol Palaeoecol 285:74–84. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.PALAEO.2009.10.026
Boyaj A, Ashok K, Ghosh S, Devanand A, Dandu G (2018) The
Chennai extreme rainfall event in 2015: The Bay of Bengal
connection. Clim Dyn 50:2867–2879. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-017-3778-7
Buckley BM, Palakit K, Duangsathaporn K, Sanguantham P, Prasomsin P (2007) Decadal scale droughts over northwestern Thailand
over the past 448 years: links to the tropical Pacific and Indian
Ocean sectors. Clim Dyn 29:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382007-0225-1
Cai W, Santoso A, Wang G, Weller E, Wu L, Ashok K, Masumoto Y,
Yamagata T (2014) Increased frequency of extreme Indian Ocean
Dipole events due to greenhouse warming. Nature 510:254–258.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13327
Carrão H, Naumann G, Barbosa P (2018) Global projections of drought
hazard in a warming climate: a prime for disaster risk management.
Clim Dyn 50:2137–2155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0173740-8
Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Liebmann B (2002) Extreme precipitation
events in Southeastern South America and large-scale convective
patterns in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. J Clim 15:2377–
2394.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c2377:
EPEISS%3e2.0.CO;2
Chaturvedi RK, Joshi J, Jayaraman M, Bala G, Ravindranath NH
(2012) Multi-model climate change projections for India under
representative concentration pathways. Curr Sci 103:791–802
Chennai floods 2015: a satellite and field based assessment study,
Decision Support Centre (DSC) Disaster Management Support
Division (DMSD) National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO
Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037
Chowdhury MR (2003) The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and
seasonal flooding? Bangladesh. Theor Appl Climatol 76:105–124.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-003-0001-z
Dai A, Trenberth KE, Qian T (2004) A global dataset of palmer drought
severity index for 1870–2002: relationship with soil moisture and
effects of surface warming. J Hydrometeorol 5:1117–1130. https://
doi.org/10.1175/JHM-386.1
Damberg L, AghaKouchak A (2014) Global trends and patterns of
drought from space. Theor Appl Climatol 117:441–448. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00704-013-1019-5
Dasgupta S, Gosain AK, Rao S, Roy S, Sarraf M (2013) A megacity in
a changing climate: the case of Kolkata. Clim Change 116:747–766.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0516-3
De Souza K, Kituyi E, Harvey B, Leone M, Murali KS, Ford JD (2015)
Vulnerability to climate change in three hot spots in Africa and
Asia: key issues for policy-relevant adaptation and
resilience-building research. Reg Environ Change 15:747–753.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0755-8
Dentener F, Stevenson D, Ellingsen K, van Noije T, Schultz M,
Amann M, Atherton C, Bell N, Bergmann D, Bey I, Bouwman L,
Butler T, Cofala J, Collins B, Drevet J, Doherty R, Eickhout B,
Eskes H, Fiore A, Gauss M, Hauglustaine M, Horowitz L,
Isaksen ISA, Josse B, Lawrence M, Krol M, Lamarque JF,
Montanaro V, Müller JF, Peuch VH, Pitari G, Pyle J, Rast S,
Rodriguez J, Sanderson M, Savage NH, Shindell D, Strahan S,
Szopa S, Sudo K, Van Dingenen R, Wild O, Zeng G (2006) The
global atmospheric environment for the next generation. Environ
Sci Technol 40(11):3586–3594. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES0523845
Deshpande NR, Kothawale DR, Kulkarni A (2016) Changes in climate
extremes over major river basins of India. Int J Climatol 36:4548–
4559. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4651
6 Droughts and Floods
137
due to increasing stream flow and run-off associated with the
projected increase in frequency of extreme rainfall events
over the major Indian river basins and is compounded by
glacier and snowmelt over the Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra.
The projected enhanced droughts and flood risk over India
highlight the potential need for a better adaptation and
mitigation strategies.
References
Aadhar S, Mishra V (2017) High-resolution near real-time drought
monitoring in South Asia. Sci Data 4:170145. https://doi.org/10.
1038/sdata.2017.145
Aadhar S, Mishra V (2018) Impact of climate change on drought
frequency over India. Book Climate Change and Water Resources
in India Publisher: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India
Ali H, Mishra V (2018) Increase in subdaily precipitation extremes in
india under 1.5 and 2.0 °C warming worlds. Geophys Res Lett 45
(14):6972–6982
Ali H, Modi P, Mishra V (2019) Increased flood risk in Indian
sub-continent under the warming climate. Weather Clim Extrems
25:100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WACE.2019.100212
Anderson MC, Hain C, Wardlow B, Agustin P, John RM, William PK
(2011) Evaluation of drought indices based on thermal remote
sensing of evapotranspiration over the continental United States.
J Clim 24:2025–2044. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3812.1
Ashok K, Guan Z, Yamagata T (2001) Impact of the Indian Ocean
dipole on the relationship between the Indian monsoon rainfall and
ENSO. Geophys Res Lett 28:4499–4502. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2001GL013294
Ashok K, Behera SK, Rao SA, Weng Hengyi, Yamagata Toshio (2007)
El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J Geophys Res
112:C11007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003798
Asoka A, Gleeson T, Wada Y, Mishra V (2017) Relative contribution
of monsoon precipitation and pumping to changes in groundwater
storage in India. Nat Geosci 10:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ngeo2869
Azad S, Rajeevan M (2016) Possible shift in the ENSO-Indian
monsoon rainfall relationship under future global warming. Sci Rep
6:20145. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20145
Balachandran S, Asokan R, Sridharan S (2006) Global surface
temperature in relation to northeast monsoon rainfall over Tamil
Nadu. J Earth Syst Sci 115:349–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/
BF02702047
Band S, Yadava MG, Lone MA, Shen C-C, Sree K, Ramesh R (2018)
High-resolution mid-Holocene Indian summer monsoon recorded in
a stalagmite from the Kotumsar Cave, Central India. Quat Int
479:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.QUAINT.2018.01.026
Bhalme HN, Mooley DA (1980) Large-scale droughts/floods and
monsoon circulation. Mon Weather Rev 108:1197–1211. https://
doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108%3c1197:LSDAMC%3e2.0.
CO;2
Bhattacharyya NN, Bora AK (1997) Floods of the Brahmaputra River
in India. Water Int 22:222–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/
02508069708686709
Bisht DS, Sridhar V, Mishra A, Chatterjee C, Raghuwanshi NS (2019)
Drought characterization over India under projected climate
scenario. Int J Climatol 39:1889–1911. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.
5922
Borgaonkar HP, Sikder AB, Ram S, Pant GB (2010) El Niño and
related monsoon drought signals in 523-year-long ring width
records of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) trees from south India.
Palaeogeogr Palaeo climatol Palaeoecol 285:74–84. https://doi.org/
10.1016/J.PALAEO.2009.10.026
Boyaj A, Ashok K, Ghosh S, Devanand A, Dandu G (2018) The
Chennai extreme rainfall event in 2015: The Bay of Bengal
connection. Clim Dyn 50:2867–2879. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-017-3778-7
Buckley BM, Palakit K, Duangsathaporn K, Sanguantham P, Prasomsin P (2007) Decadal scale droughts over northwestern Thailand
over the past 448 years: links to the tropical Pacific and Indian
Ocean sectors. Clim Dyn 29:63–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382007-0225-1
Cai W, Santoso A, Wang G, Weller E, Wu L, Ashok K, Masumoto Y,
Yamagata T (2014) Increased frequency of extreme Indian Ocean
Dipole events due to greenhouse warming. Nature 510:254–258.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13327
Carrão H, Naumann G, Barbosa P (2018) Global projections of drought
hazard in a warming climate: a prime for disaster risk management.
Clim Dyn 50:2137–2155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0173740-8
Carvalho LMV, Jones C, Liebmann B (2002) Extreme precipitation
events in Southeastern South America and large-scale convective
patterns in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. J Clim 15:2377–
2394.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c2377:
EPEISS%3e2.0.CO;2
Chaturvedi RK, Joshi J, Jayaraman M, Bala G, Ravindranath NH
(2012) Multi-model climate change projections for India under
representative concentration pathways. Curr Sci 103:791–802
Chennai floods 2015: a satellite and field based assessment study,
Decision Support Centre (DSC) Disaster Management Support
Division (DMSD) National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO
Balanagar, Hyderabad-500037
Chowdhury MR (2003) The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and
seasonal flooding? Bangladesh. Theor Appl Climatol 76:105–124.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-003-0001-z
Dai A, Trenberth KE, Qian T (2004) A global dataset of palmer drought
severity index for 1870–2002: relationship with soil moisture and
effects of surface warming. J Hydrometeorol 5:1117–1130. https://
doi.org/10.1175/JHM-386.1
Damberg L, AghaKouchak A (2014) Global trends and patterns of
drought from space. Theor Appl Climatol 117:441–448. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00704-013-1019-5
Dasgupta S, Gosain AK, Rao S, Roy S, Sarraf M (2013) A megacity in
a changing climate: the case of Kolkata. Clim Change 116:747–766.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0516-3
De Souza K, Kituyi E, Harvey B, Leone M, Murali KS, Ford JD (2015)
Vulnerability to climate change in three hot spots in Africa and
Asia: key issues for policy-relevant adaptation and
resilience-building research. Reg Environ Change 15:747–753.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0755-8
Dentener F, Stevenson D, Ellingsen K, van Noije T, Schultz M,
Amann M, Atherton C, Bell N, Bergmann D, Bey I, Bouwman L,
Butler T, Cofala J, Collins B, Drevet J, Doherty R, Eickhout B,
Eskes H, Fiore A, Gauss M, Hauglustaine M, Horowitz L,
Isaksen ISA, Josse B, Lawrence M, Krol M, Lamarque JF,
Montanaro V, Müller JF, Peuch VH, Pitari G, Pyle J, Rast S,
Rodriguez J, Sanderson M, Savage NH, Shindell D, Strahan S,
Szopa S, Sudo K, Van Dingenen R, Wild O, Zeng G (2006) The
global atmospheric environment for the next generation. Environ
Sci Technol 40(11):3586–3594. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES0523845
Deshpande NR, Kothawale DR, Kulkarni A (2016) Changes in climate
extremes over major river basins of India. Int J Climatol 36:4548–
4559. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4651
6 Droughts and Floods
137