Guenther A, Karl T, Harley P et al (2006) Estimates of global terrestrial
isoprene emissions using MEGAN (model of emissions of gases
and aerosols from nature). Atmos Chem Phys 6:3181–3210. https://
doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-107-2006
Guo L, Turner AG, Highwood EJ (2015) Impacts of 20th century
aerosol emissions on the South Asian monsoon in the CMIP5
models. Atmos Chem Phys 15:6367–6378. https://doi.org/10.5194/
acp-15-6367-2015
Harikishan G, Padmakumari B, Maheskumar RS et al (2016) Aerosol
indirect effects from ground-based retrievals over the rain shadow
region in Indian subcontinent. J Geophys Res 121:1–14. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2015JD024577
Hazra A, Goswami BN, Chen JP (2013) Role of interactions between
aerosol radiative effect, dynamics, and cloud microphysics on
transitions of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations. J Atmos Sci
70:2073–2087. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0179.1
Hommel R, Timmreck C, Giorgetta MA, Graf HF (2015)
Quasi-biennial oscillation of the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer.
Atmos Chem Phys 15:5557–5584. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-155557-2015
Hsu NC, Gautam R, Sayer AM et al (2012) Global and regional trends
of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS
measurements from 1997 to 2010. Atmos Chem Phys 12:8037–
8053. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8037-2012
IPCC (2013) Fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on
climate change (IPCC)
Jacobi HW, Lim S, Ménégoz M et al (2015) Black carbon in snow in
the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: observations and
modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative
forcing. Cryosphere 9:1685–1699. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-91685-2015
Jena C, Ghude SD, Beig G et al (2015) Inter-comparison of different
NO x emission inventories and associated variation in simulated
surface ozone in Indian region. Atmos Environ 117:61–73. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.057
Joseph R, Zeng N (2011) Seasonally modulated tropical drought
induced by volcanic aerosol. J Clim 24:2045–2060. https://doi.org/
10.1175/2009JCLI3170.1
Kaskaoutis DG, Singh RP, Gautam R et al (2012) Variability and trends
of aerosol properties over Kanpur, northern India using AERONET
data (2001–10). Environ Res Lett 7(2):024003. https://doi.org/10.
1088/1748-9326/7/2/024003
Kaspari S, Painter TH, Gysel M et al (2014) Seasonal and elevational
variations of black carbon and dust in snow and ice in the
Solu-Khumbu, Nepal and estimated radiative forcings. Atmos
Chem Phys 14:8089–8103. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-80892014
Kavitha MP, Nair R, Renju R (2018) Thunderstorm induced changes in
near-surface O 3 , NO x and CH 4 and associated boundary layer
meteorology over a tropical coastal station. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys
179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.08.008
Konwar M, Maheskumar RS, Kulkarni JR et al (2012) Aerosol control
on depth of warm rain in convective clouds. J Geophys Res Atmos
117:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017585
Kopacz M, Mauzerall DL, Wang J et al (2011) Origin and radiative
forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan
Plateau. Atmos Chem Phys 11:2837–2852. https://doi.org/10.5194/
acp-11-2837-2011
Krishna Moorthy K, Suresh Babu S, Manoj MR, Satheesh SK (2013)
Buildup of aerosols over the Indian Region. Geophys Res Lett
40:1011–1014. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50165
Krishnamurti TN, Jha B, Prospero J et al (1998) Aerosol and pollutant
transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical
Indian Ocean during the January–February 1996 pre-INDOEX
cruise. Tellus, Ser B Chem Phys Meteorol 50:521–542. https://doi.
org/10.3402/tellusb.v50i5.16235
Krishnan R, Ramanathan V (2002) Evidence of surface cooling from
absorbing aerosols. Geophys Res Lett 29:54-1–54-4. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2002gl014687
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R et al (2016) Deciphering the
desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon hydroclimate in a
warming world. Clim Dyn 47:1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-015-2886-5
Kulkarni JR, Maheskumar RS, Morwal SB et al (2012) The cloud aerosol
interaction and precipitation enhancement experiment (CAIPEEX):
overview and preliminary results. Curr Sci 102:413–425
Lal DM, Ghude SD, Patil SD et al (2012) Tropospheric ozone and
aerosol long-term trends over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India.
Atmos Res 116:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.02.
014
Lal S, Venkataramani S, Srivastava S et al (2013) Transport effects on
the vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone over the tropical
marine regions surrounding India. J Geophys Res Atmos 118:1513–
1524. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50180
Lal S, Venkataramani S, Chandra N et al (2014) Transport effects on
the vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone over western India.
J Geophys Res 119:n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021854
Lal S, Peshin SK, Naja M, Venkataramani S (2017) Variability of
ozone and related trace gases over India. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S
(eds) Observed climate variability and change over the Indian
region. Springer geology. Springer, Singapore
Lau KM, Kim KM (2006) Observational relationships between aerosol
and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation. Geophys Res Lett
33:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027546
Lau WKM, Kim KM (2010) Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on
long-term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall.
Geophys Res Lett 37:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043255
Lau KM, Kim MK, Kim KM (2006) Asian summer monsoon
anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: the role of the Tibetan
Plateau. Clim Dyn 26:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382006-0114-z
Lau WKM, Yuan C, Li Z (2018) Origin, maintenance and variability of
the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL): the roles of monsoon
dynamics. Sci Rep 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-01822267-z
Leena PP, Anilkumar V, Sravanthi N et al (2018) On the precipitation
susceptibility of monsoon clouds to aerosols using high-altitude
ground-based observations over Western Ghats, India. Atmos
Environ 185:128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.
001
Logan JA, Staehelin J, Megretskaia IA et al (2012) Changes in ozone
over Europe: analysis of ozone measurements from sondes, regular
aircraft (MOZAIC) and alpine surface sites. J Geophys Res Atmos
117:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016952
Lu X, Zhang L, Liu X et al (2018) Lower tropospheric ozone over India
and its linkage to the South Asian monsoon. Atmos Chem Phys
18:3101–3118. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3101-2018
Mahajan AS, De Smedt I, Biswas MS et al (2015) Inter-annual
variations in satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide and
formaldehyde over India. Atmos Environ 116:194–201. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.004
Manoj MR, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK et al (2019) Decreasing trend in
black carbon aerosols over the Indian region. Geophys Res Lett
46:2903–2910. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081666
McConnell JR, Burke A, Dunbar NW et al (2017) Synchronous
volcanic eruptions and abrupt climate change *17.7 ka plausibly
linked by stratospheric ozone depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci
114:10035–10040. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705595114
5 Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases
113
isoprene emissions using MEGAN (model of emissions of gases
and aerosols from nature). Atmos Chem Phys 6:3181–3210. https://
doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-107-2006
Guo L, Turner AG, Highwood EJ (2015) Impacts of 20th century
aerosol emissions on the South Asian monsoon in the CMIP5
models. Atmos Chem Phys 15:6367–6378. https://doi.org/10.5194/
acp-15-6367-2015
Harikishan G, Padmakumari B, Maheskumar RS et al (2016) Aerosol
indirect effects from ground-based retrievals over the rain shadow
region in Indian subcontinent. J Geophys Res 121:1–14. https://doi.
org/10.1002/2015JD024577
Hazra A, Goswami BN, Chen JP (2013) Role of interactions between
aerosol radiative effect, dynamics, and cloud microphysics on
transitions of monsoon intraseasonal oscillations. J Atmos Sci
70:2073–2087. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0179.1
Hommel R, Timmreck C, Giorgetta MA, Graf HF (2015)
Quasi-biennial oscillation of the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer.
Atmos Chem Phys 15:5557–5584. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-155557-2015
Hsu NC, Gautam R, Sayer AM et al (2012) Global and regional trends
of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS
measurements from 1997 to 2010. Atmos Chem Phys 12:8037–
8053. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8037-2012
IPCC (2013) Fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on
climate change (IPCC)
Jacobi HW, Lim S, Ménégoz M et al (2015) Black carbon in snow in
the upper Himalayan Khumbu Valley, Nepal: observations and
modeling of the impact on snow albedo, melting, and radiative
forcing. Cryosphere 9:1685–1699. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-91685-2015
Jena C, Ghude SD, Beig G et al (2015) Inter-comparison of different
NO x emission inventories and associated variation in simulated
surface ozone in Indian region. Atmos Environ 117:61–73. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.057
Joseph R, Zeng N (2011) Seasonally modulated tropical drought
induced by volcanic aerosol. J Clim 24:2045–2060. https://doi.org/
10.1175/2009JCLI3170.1
Kaskaoutis DG, Singh RP, Gautam R et al (2012) Variability and trends
of aerosol properties over Kanpur, northern India using AERONET
data (2001–10). Environ Res Lett 7(2):024003. https://doi.org/10.
1088/1748-9326/7/2/024003
Kaspari S, Painter TH, Gysel M et al (2014) Seasonal and elevational
variations of black carbon and dust in snow and ice in the
Solu-Khumbu, Nepal and estimated radiative forcings. Atmos
Chem Phys 14:8089–8103. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-80892014
Kavitha MP, Nair R, Renju R (2018) Thunderstorm induced changes in
near-surface O 3 , NO x and CH 4 and associated boundary layer
meteorology over a tropical coastal station. J Atmos Solar Terr Phys
179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2018.08.008
Konwar M, Maheskumar RS, Kulkarni JR et al (2012) Aerosol control
on depth of warm rain in convective clouds. J Geophys Res Atmos
117:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017585
Kopacz M, Mauzerall DL, Wang J et al (2011) Origin and radiative
forcing of black carbon transported to the Himalayas and Tibetan
Plateau. Atmos Chem Phys 11:2837–2852. https://doi.org/10.5194/
acp-11-2837-2011
Krishna Moorthy K, Suresh Babu S, Manoj MR, Satheesh SK (2013)
Buildup of aerosols over the Indian Region. Geophys Res Lett
40:1011–1014. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50165
Krishnamurti TN, Jha B, Prospero J et al (1998) Aerosol and pollutant
transport and their impact on radiative forcing over the tropical
Indian Ocean during the January–February 1996 pre-INDOEX
cruise. Tellus, Ser B Chem Phys Meteorol 50:521–542. https://doi.
org/10.3402/tellusb.v50i5.16235
Krishnan R, Ramanathan V (2002) Evidence of surface cooling from
absorbing aerosols. Geophys Res Lett 29:54-1–54-4. https://doi.org/
10.1029/2002gl014687
Krishnan R, Sabin TP, Vellore R et al (2016) Deciphering the
desiccation trend of the South Asian monsoon hydroclimate in a
warming world. Clim Dyn 47:1007–1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00382-015-2886-5
Kulkarni JR, Maheskumar RS, Morwal SB et al (2012) The cloud aerosol
interaction and precipitation enhancement experiment (CAIPEEX):
overview and preliminary results. Curr Sci 102:413–425
Lal DM, Ghude SD, Patil SD et al (2012) Tropospheric ozone and
aerosol long-term trends over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India.
Atmos Res 116:82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.02.
014
Lal S, Venkataramani S, Srivastava S et al (2013) Transport effects on
the vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone over the tropical
marine regions surrounding India. J Geophys Res Atmos 118:1513–
1524. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50180
Lal S, Venkataramani S, Chandra N et al (2014) Transport effects on
the vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone over western India.
J Geophys Res 119:n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021854
Lal S, Peshin SK, Naja M, Venkataramani S (2017) Variability of
ozone and related trace gases over India. In: Rajeevan MN, Nayak S
(eds) Observed climate variability and change over the Indian
region. Springer geology. Springer, Singapore
Lau KM, Kim KM (2006) Observational relationships between aerosol
and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation. Geophys Res Lett
33:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027546
Lau WKM, Kim KM (2010) Fingerprinting the impacts of aerosols on
long-term trends of the Indian summer monsoon regional rainfall.
Geophys Res Lett 37:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043255
Lau KM, Kim MK, Kim KM (2006) Asian summer monsoon
anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: the role of the Tibetan
Plateau. Clim Dyn 26:855–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382006-0114-z
Lau WKM, Yuan C, Li Z (2018) Origin, maintenance and variability of
the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL): the roles of monsoon
dynamics. Sci Rep 8:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-01822267-z
Leena PP, Anilkumar V, Sravanthi N et al (2018) On the precipitation
susceptibility of monsoon clouds to aerosols using high-altitude
ground-based observations over Western Ghats, India. Atmos
Environ 185:128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.
001
Logan JA, Staehelin J, Megretskaia IA et al (2012) Changes in ozone
over Europe: analysis of ozone measurements from sondes, regular
aircraft (MOZAIC) and alpine surface sites. J Geophys Res Atmos
117:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016952
Lu X, Zhang L, Liu X et al (2018) Lower tropospheric ozone over India
and its linkage to the South Asian monsoon. Atmos Chem Phys
18:3101–3118. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3101-2018
Mahajan AS, De Smedt I, Biswas MS et al (2015) Inter-annual
variations in satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide and
formaldehyde over India. Atmos Environ 116:194–201. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.06.004
Manoj MR, Satheesh SK, Moorthy KK et al (2019) Decreasing trend in
black carbon aerosols over the Indian region. Geophys Res Lett
46:2903–2910. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081666
McConnell JR, Burke A, Dunbar NW et al (2017) Synchronous
volcanic eruptions and abrupt climate change *17.7 ka plausibly
linked by stratospheric ozone depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci
114:10035–10040. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705595114
5 Atmospheric Aerosols and Trace Gases
113