Cionni I, Eyring V, Lamarque JF et al (2011) Ozone database in
support of CMIP5 simulations: results and corresponding radiative
forcing. Atmos Chem Phys 11:11267–11292. https://doi.org/10.
5194/acp-11-11267-2011
Dani KK, Ernest Raj P, Devara PCS et al (2012) Long-term trends and
variability in measured multi-spectral aerosol optical depth over a
tropical urban station in India. Int J Climatol 32:153–160. https://
doi.org/10.1002/joc.2250
Dave P, Bhushan M, Venkataraman C (2017) Aerosols cause
intraseasonal short-term suppression of Indian monsoon rainfall.
Sci Rep 7:17347. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17599-1
Dey S, Di Girolamo L (2011) A decade of change in aerosol properties
over the Indian subcontinent. Geophys Res Lett 38:1–5. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2011GL048153
Dobson GMB (1956) Origin and distribution of the polyatomic
molecules in the atmosphere. Proc R Soc London Ser A Math
Phys Sci 236:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1956.0127
Duchi R, Cristofanelli P, Marinoni A et al (2014) Synoptic-scale dust
transport events in the southern Himalaya. Aeolian Res 13:51–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.03.008
Eyring V, Arblaster JM, Cionni I et al (2013) Long-term ozone changes
and associated climate impacts in CMIP5 simulations. J Geophys
Res Atmos 118:5029–5060. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50316
Fadnavis S, Chattopadhyay R (2017) Linkages of subtropical stratospheric intraseasonal intrusions with Indian summer monsoon
deficit rainfall. J Clim 30:5083–5095. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID-16-0463.1
Fadnavis S, Beig G, Polade SD (2008) Features of ozone quasi-biennial
oscillation in the vertical structure of tropics and subtropics.
Meteorol Atmos Phys 99:221–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703007-0270-7
Fadnavis S, Chakraborty T, Beig G (2010) Seasonal stratospheric
intrusion of ozone in the upper troposphere over India. Ann
Geophys 28:2149–2159. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-21492010
Fadnavis S, Chakraborty T, Ghude SD et al (2011) Modulation of
cyclone tracks in the Bay of Bengal by QBO. J Atmos Solar-Terr
Phys 73:1868–1875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.04.014
Fadnavis S, Semeniuk K, Pozzoli L et al (2013) Transport of aerosols
into the UTLS and their impact on the Asian monsoon region as
seen in a global model simulation. Atmos Chem Phys 13:8771–
8786. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8771-2013
Fadnavis S, Dhomse S, Ghude S et al (2014a) Ozone trends in the
vertical structure of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over
the Indian monsoon region. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11:529–542.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0258-4
Fadnavis S, Ernest Raj P, Buchunde P, Goswami BN (2014b) In search
of influence of stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation on tropical
cyclones tracks over the Bay of Bengal region. Int J Climatol
34:567–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3706
Fadnavis S, Semeniuk K, Schultz MG et al (2015) Transport pathways
of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere from different monsoon systems during the summer
monsoon season. Atmos Chem Phys 15:11477–11499. https://doi.
org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015
Fadnavis S, Kalita G, Ravi Kumar K et al (2017) Potential impact of
carbonaceous aerosol on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and precipitation during Asian summer monsoon in
a global model simulation. Atmos Chem Phys 17:11637–11654.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11637-2017
Fadnavis S, Sabin TP, Roy C et al (2019) Elevated aerosol layer over
South Asia worsens the Indian droughts. Sci Rep 9:1–11. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46704-9
Fairlie TD, Vernier JP, Natarajan M, Bedka KM (2014) Dispersion of
the Nabro volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer
monsoon. Atmos Chem Phys 14:7045–7057. https://doi.org/10.
5194/acp-14-7045-2014
Fiedler S, Stevens B, Gidden M et al (2019) First forcing estimates
from the future CMIP6 scenarios of anthropogenic aerosol optical
properties and an associated Twomey effect. Geosci Model Dev
12:989–1007. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-989-2019
Forster PM, Shine KP (1997) Radiative forcing and temperature trends
from stratospheric ozone changes. J Geophys Res Atmos
102:10841–10855. https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd03510
Fu R, Hu Y, Wright JS et al (2006) Short circuit of water vapor and
polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over
the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:5664–5669. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.0601584103
Gaddis AL (2013) Evaluating predictability in the community earth
system model in response to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
University of Tennessee
Ganguly D, Jayaraman A (2006) Physical and optical properties of
aerosols over an urban location in western India: implications for
shortwave radiative forcing. J Geophys Res 111:D24207. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007393
Ganguly D, Gadhavi H, Jayaraman A et al (2005) Single scattering
albedo of aerosols over the central India: implications for the
regional aerosol radiative forcing. Geophys Res Lett 32:1–4. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023903
Ganguly D, Rasch PJ, Wang H, Yoon JH (2012) Climate response of
the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols.
J Geophys Res Atmos 117:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2012JD017508
Garg A, Shukla PR, Kapshe M (2006) The sectoral trends of multigas
emissions inventory of India. Atmos Environ 40:4608–4620.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.045
Gautam R, Hsu NC, Lau WKM, Yasunari TJ (2013) Satellite
observations of desert dust-induced Himalayan snow darkening.
Geophys Res Lett 40:988–993. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50226
Gayatri K, Patade S, Prabha TV (2017) Aerosol-cloud interaction in
deep convective clouds over the Indian Peninsula using spectral
(bin) microphysics. J Atmos Sci 74:3145–3166. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JAS-D-17-0034.1
Gertler CG, Puppala SP, Panday A et al (2016) Black carbon and the
Himalayan cryosphere: a review. Atmos Environ 125:404–417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.078
Ghude SD, Fadnavis S, Beig G et al (2008) Detection of surface
emission hot spots, trends, and seasonal cycle from
satellite-retrieved NO 2 over India. J Geophys Res Atmos 113:1–
13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009615
Ghude SD, Kulkarni SH, Jena C et al (2013a) Application of satellite
observations for identifying regions of dominant sources of nitrogen
oxides over the Indian subcontinent. J Geophys Res Atmos
118:1075–1089. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017811
Ghude SD, Pfister GG, Jena C et al (2013b) Satellite constraints of
nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions from India based on OMI
observations and WRF-Chem simulations. Geophys Res Lett
40:423–428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053926
Gidden MJ, Riahi K, Smith SJ et al (2019) Global emissions pathways under
different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of
harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century. Geosci
Model Dev 12:1443–1475. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019
Girach IA, Ojha N, Nair PR et al (2017) Variations in O 3 , CO, and CH 4
over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon season:
shipborne measurements and model simulations. Atmos Chem Phys
17:257–275. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-257-2017
Gogoi MM, Babu SS, Jayachandran V et al (2015) Optical properties
and CCN activity of aerosols in a high-altitude Himalayan
environment: results from RAWEX-GVAX. J Geophys Res
120:2453–2469. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022966
112
S. Fadnavis et al.
support of CMIP5 simulations: results and corresponding radiative
forcing. Atmos Chem Phys 11:11267–11292. https://doi.org/10.
5194/acp-11-11267-2011
Dani KK, Ernest Raj P, Devara PCS et al (2012) Long-term trends and
variability in measured multi-spectral aerosol optical depth over a
tropical urban station in India. Int J Climatol 32:153–160. https://
doi.org/10.1002/joc.2250
Dave P, Bhushan M, Venkataraman C (2017) Aerosols cause
intraseasonal short-term suppression of Indian monsoon rainfall.
Sci Rep 7:17347. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17599-1
Dey S, Di Girolamo L (2011) A decade of change in aerosol properties
over the Indian subcontinent. Geophys Res Lett 38:1–5. https://doi.
org/10.1029/2011GL048153
Dobson GMB (1956) Origin and distribution of the polyatomic
molecules in the atmosphere. Proc R Soc London Ser A Math
Phys Sci 236:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1956.0127
Duchi R, Cristofanelli P, Marinoni A et al (2014) Synoptic-scale dust
transport events in the southern Himalaya. Aeolian Res 13:51–57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.03.008
Eyring V, Arblaster JM, Cionni I et al (2013) Long-term ozone changes
and associated climate impacts in CMIP5 simulations. J Geophys
Res Atmos 118:5029–5060. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50316
Fadnavis S, Chattopadhyay R (2017) Linkages of subtropical stratospheric intraseasonal intrusions with Indian summer monsoon
deficit rainfall. J Clim 30:5083–5095. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLID-16-0463.1
Fadnavis S, Beig G, Polade SD (2008) Features of ozone quasi-biennial
oscillation in the vertical structure of tropics and subtropics.
Meteorol Atmos Phys 99:221–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703007-0270-7
Fadnavis S, Chakraborty T, Beig G (2010) Seasonal stratospheric
intrusion of ozone in the upper troposphere over India. Ann
Geophys 28:2149–2159. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-21492010
Fadnavis S, Chakraborty T, Ghude SD et al (2011) Modulation of
cyclone tracks in the Bay of Bengal by QBO. J Atmos Solar-Terr
Phys 73:1868–1875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.04.014
Fadnavis S, Semeniuk K, Pozzoli L et al (2013) Transport of aerosols
into the UTLS and their impact on the Asian monsoon region as
seen in a global model simulation. Atmos Chem Phys 13:8771–
8786. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8771-2013
Fadnavis S, Dhomse S, Ghude S et al (2014a) Ozone trends in the
vertical structure of upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over
the Indian monsoon region. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11:529–542.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0258-4
Fadnavis S, Ernest Raj P, Buchunde P, Goswami BN (2014b) In search
of influence of stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation on tropical
cyclones tracks over the Bay of Bengal region. Int J Climatol
34:567–580. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3706
Fadnavis S, Semeniuk K, Schultz MG et al (2015) Transport pathways
of peroxyacetyl nitrate in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere from different monsoon systems during the summer
monsoon season. Atmos Chem Phys 15:11477–11499. https://doi.
org/10.5194/acp-15-11477-2015
Fadnavis S, Kalita G, Ravi Kumar K et al (2017) Potential impact of
carbonaceous aerosol on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and precipitation during Asian summer monsoon in
a global model simulation. Atmos Chem Phys 17:11637–11654.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-11637-2017
Fadnavis S, Sabin TP, Roy C et al (2019) Elevated aerosol layer over
South Asia worsens the Indian droughts. Sci Rep 9:1–11. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46704-9
Fairlie TD, Vernier JP, Natarajan M, Bedka KM (2014) Dispersion of
the Nabro volcanic plume and its relation to the Asian summer
monsoon. Atmos Chem Phys 14:7045–7057. https://doi.org/10.
5194/acp-14-7045-2014
Fiedler S, Stevens B, Gidden M et al (2019) First forcing estimates
from the future CMIP6 scenarios of anthropogenic aerosol optical
properties and an associated Twomey effect. Geosci Model Dev
12:989–1007. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-989-2019
Forster PM, Shine KP (1997) Radiative forcing and temperature trends
from stratospheric ozone changes. J Geophys Res Atmos
102:10841–10855. https://doi.org/10.1029/96jd03510
Fu R, Hu Y, Wright JS et al (2006) Short circuit of water vapor and
polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over
the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:5664–5669. https://doi.
org/10.1073/pnas.0601584103
Gaddis AL (2013) Evaluating predictability in the community earth
system model in response to the eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
University of Tennessee
Ganguly D, Jayaraman A (2006) Physical and optical properties of
aerosols over an urban location in western India: implications for
shortwave radiative forcing. J Geophys Res 111:D24207. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007393
Ganguly D, Gadhavi H, Jayaraman A et al (2005) Single scattering
albedo of aerosols over the central India: implications for the
regional aerosol radiative forcing. Geophys Res Lett 32:1–4. https://
doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023903
Ganguly D, Rasch PJ, Wang H, Yoon JH (2012) Climate response of
the South Asian monsoon system to anthropogenic aerosols.
J Geophys Res Atmos 117:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1029/
2012JD017508
Garg A, Shukla PR, Kapshe M (2006) The sectoral trends of multigas
emissions inventory of India. Atmos Environ 40:4608–4620.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.045
Gautam R, Hsu NC, Lau WKM, Yasunari TJ (2013) Satellite
observations of desert dust-induced Himalayan snow darkening.
Geophys Res Lett 40:988–993. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50226
Gayatri K, Patade S, Prabha TV (2017) Aerosol-cloud interaction in
deep convective clouds over the Indian Peninsula using spectral
(bin) microphysics. J Atmos Sci 74:3145–3166. https://doi.org/10.
1175/JAS-D-17-0034.1
Gertler CG, Puppala SP, Panday A et al (2016) Black carbon and the
Himalayan cryosphere: a review. Atmos Environ 125:404–417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.078
Ghude SD, Fadnavis S, Beig G et al (2008) Detection of surface
emission hot spots, trends, and seasonal cycle from
satellite-retrieved NO 2 over India. J Geophys Res Atmos 113:1–
13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009615
Ghude SD, Kulkarni SH, Jena C et al (2013a) Application of satellite
observations for identifying regions of dominant sources of nitrogen
oxides over the Indian subcontinent. J Geophys Res Atmos
118:1075–1089. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017811
Ghude SD, Pfister GG, Jena C et al (2013b) Satellite constraints of
nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions from India based on OMI
observations and WRF-Chem simulations. Geophys Res Lett
40:423–428. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053926
Gidden MJ, Riahi K, Smith SJ et al (2019) Global emissions pathways under
different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of
harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century. Geosci
Model Dev 12:1443–1475. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019
Girach IA, Ojha N, Nair PR et al (2017) Variations in O 3 , CO, and CH 4
over the Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon season:
shipborne measurements and model simulations. Atmos Chem Phys
17:257–275. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-257-2017
Gogoi MM, Babu SS, Jayachandran V et al (2015) Optical properties
and CCN activity of aerosols in a high-altitude Himalayan
environment: results from RAWEX-GVAX. J Geophys Res
120:2453–2469. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022966
112
S. Fadnavis et al.