Liu DN, Guo XD, Xiao BW (2019) What causes growth of global
greenhouse gas emissions? Evidence from 40 countries. Sci Total
Environ 661:750–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.197
Mahesh P, Sharma N, Dadhwal VK, Rao PVN, Apparao BV,
Ghosh AK, Mallikarjun K, Ali MM (2014) Impact of land-sea
breeze and rainfall on CO 2 variations at a coastal station. J Earth Sci
Clim Change 5:6
Mahesh P, Sreenivas G, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK, Sai Krishna SVS,
Mallikarjun K (2015) High-precision surface-level CO 2 and CH 4
using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS)
over Shadnagar, India. Int J Remote Sens 36(22):5754–5765.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1104744
Mahesh P, Sreenivas G, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK (2016) Atmospheric
CO 2 retrieval from ground based FTIR spectrometer over Shadnagar, India. Atmos Meas Tech Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt2016-177
Mahesh P, Gaddamidi S, Gharai B, Mullapudi Venkata Rama SS,
Kumar Sundaran R, Wang W (2019) Retrieval of CO 2 , CH 4 , CO
and N 2 O using ground-based FTIR data and validation against
satellite observations over the Shadnagar, India. Atmos Meas Tech
Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-7
Malla G, Bhatia A, Pathak H, Prasad S, Jain N, Singh J (2005)
Mitigating nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil in
rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic plain with nitrification and
urease inhibitors. Chemosphere 58:141–147
Meiyappan P et al (2017) Dynamics and determinants of land change in
India: integrating satellite data with village socioeconomics. Reg
Environ Change 17:753–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-0161068-2
Metya A, Datye A, Chakraborty S, Tiwari Y (2020) Diurnal and
seasonal variability of CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations in a semi-urban
environment of western India. Theor Appl Climatol (under review)
MoEFCC (2015) India: first biennial update report to the United
Nations framework convention on climate change. Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
MoEFCC (2018) India: second biennial update report to the United
Nations framework convention on climate change. Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
Mukherjee S, Sekar KC, Lohani P, Kumar K, Patra P, Ishijima K
(2018) Investigation of scale interaction between rainfall and
ecosystem carbon exchange of Western Himalayan Pine dominated
vegetation. Biogeosci Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-299
Mukhophadhya SK, Biswas H, Das KL, Jana TK (2001) Diurnal
variation of carbon dioxide and methane exchange above Sundarbans mangrove forest, in NW coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci
30:70–74
Nalini K, Sijikumar S, Valsala V, Tiwari YK, Ramachandran R (2019)
Designing surface CO 2 monitoring network to constrain the Indian
land fluxes. Atmos Environ 218:117003
Nayak RK, Patel NR, Dadhwal VK (2013) Inter-annual variability and
climate control of terrestrial net primary productivity over India.
Int J Climatol 33:132–142
O’Neill BC, Kriegler E, Riahi K, Ebi KL, Hallegatte S, Carter TR,
Mathur R, Van Vuuren DP (2014) A new scenario framework for
climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic
pathways. Clim Change 122:387–400
O’Neill BC, Kriegler E, Ebi KL, Kemp-Benedict E, Riahi K, Rothman DS, Van Ruijven BJ, Van Vuuren DP, Birkmann J, Kok K,
Levy M, Solecki W (2017) The roads ahead: narratives for shared
socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st
century. Glob Environ Change 42:169–180
Oo AZ, Sudo S, Inubushi K, Mano M, Yamamoto A, Ono K, Osawa T,
Hayashida S, Patra PK, Terao Y, Elayakumar P, Vanitha K,
Umamageswari C, Jothimani P, Ravi V (2018) Methane and nitrous
oxide emissions from conventional and modified rice cultivation
systems in South India. Agric Ecosyst Environ 252:148–158
Parashar D, Rai J, Gupta P, Singh N (1991) Parameters affecting
methane emission from paddy fields. Indian J Radio Space Phys
20:12–17
Parker RJ et al (2015) Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH 4 data
and associated uncertainties. Atmos Meas Tech 8:4785–4801
Patel NR, Dadhwal VK, Saha SK (2011) Measurement and scaling of
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchanges in wheat using flux-tower and
remote sensing. J Ind Soc Remote Sens 39:383–391
Pathak H, Li C, Wassmann R (2005) Greenhouse gas emissions from
Indian rice fields: calibration and upscaling using the DNDC model.
Biogeosciences 2:113–123
Patra PK et al (2009) Growth rate, seasonal, synoptic, diurnal variations
and budget of methane in the lower atmosphere. J Meteorol Soc Jpn
87:635–663. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.635
Patra PK et al (2013) The carbon budget of South Asia. Biogeosciences
10:513–527. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-513-2013
Patra PK, Saeki T, Dlugokencky EJ, Ishijima K, Umezawa T, Ito A,
Aoki S, Morimoto S, Kort EA, Crotwell A, Ravikumar K,
Nakazawa T (2016) Regional methane emission estimation based
on observed atmospheric concentrations (2002–2012). J Meteorol
Soc Jpn 94:91–113
Pillai ND, Nandy S, Patel NR, Srinet R, Watham T (2019) Integration
of eddy covariance and process-based model for the intra-annual
variability of carbon fluxes in an Indian tropical forest. Biodivers
Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01770-3
Prasad VK, Lata M, Badarinath KVS (2003) Trace gas emissions from
biomass burning from northeast region in India—estimates from
satellite remote sensing data and GIS. Environmentalist 23:229–236
Purvaja R, Ramesh R (2001) Natural and anthropogenic methane
emission from coastal wetlands of south India. Environ Manage
27:547–557
Rao AS, Bala G, Ravindranath NH, Nemani R (2019) Multi-model
assessment of trends, variability and drivers of terrestrial carbon
uptake in India. J Earth Syst Sci 128:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12040-019-1120-y
Ravindranath NH, Somashekhar BS, Gadgil M (1997) Carbon flow in
Indian forests. Clim Change 35:297–320
Ravindranath NH, Chaturvedi RK, Murthy IK (2008) Forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation in India: implications for
forest carbon stocks. Curr Sci 95:216–222
Riahi K, Van Vuuren DP, Kriegler E, Edmonds J, O’Neill B,
Fujimori SNB, Calvin K, Dellink R, Fricko O, Lutz W, Popp A,
Crespo Cuaresma J, Leimbach M, Kram T, Rao S, Emmerling J,
Hasegawa T, Havlik P, Humpenöder F, Aleluia Da Silva L,
Smith SJ, Stehfest E, Bosetti V, Eom J, Gernaat D, Masui T,
Rogelj J, Strefler J, Drouet L, Krey V, Luderer G, Harmsen M,
Takahashi K, Wise M, Baumstark L, Doelman J, Kainuma M,
Klimont Z, Marangoni G, Moss R, Lotze-Campen H, Obersteiner M,
Tabeau A, Tavoni M (2017) The shared socio-economic pathways
and their energy, land use and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview. Glob Environ Change 42:148–152
Rigby M, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Simmonds PG, Langenfelds RL,
Huang J, Cunnold DM, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Weiss RF,
O’Doherty S, Salameh PK, Wang HJ, Harth CM, Muhle J,
Porter LW (2008) Renewed growth of atmospheric methane.
Geophys
Res
Lett
35:L22805.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008GL036037
Rodda S, Thumaty K, Jha C, Dadhwal V (2016) Seasonal variations of
carbon dioxide, water vapor and energy fluxes in tropical Indian
mangroves. Forests 7:35
Sarma D, Baruah KK, Baruah R, Gogoi N, Chakraborty S, Karipot AK
(2018) Carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy fluxes over a semi
4 Observations and Modeling of GHG Concentrations and Fluxes …
91
greenhouse gas emissions? Evidence from 40 countries. Sci Total
Environ 661:750–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.197
Mahesh P, Sharma N, Dadhwal VK, Rao PVN, Apparao BV,
Ghosh AK, Mallikarjun K, Ali MM (2014) Impact of land-sea
breeze and rainfall on CO 2 variations at a coastal station. J Earth Sci
Clim Change 5:6
Mahesh P, Sreenivas G, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK, Sai Krishna SVS,
Mallikarjun K (2015) High-precision surface-level CO 2 and CH 4
using off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS)
over Shadnagar, India. Int J Remote Sens 36(22):5754–5765.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1104744
Mahesh P, Sreenivas G, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK (2016) Atmospheric
CO 2 retrieval from ground based FTIR spectrometer over Shadnagar, India. Atmos Meas Tech Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt2016-177
Mahesh P, Gaddamidi S, Gharai B, Mullapudi Venkata Rama SS,
Kumar Sundaran R, Wang W (2019) Retrieval of CO 2 , CH 4 , CO
and N 2 O using ground-based FTIR data and validation against
satellite observations over the Shadnagar, India. Atmos Meas Tech
Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-7
Malla G, Bhatia A, Pathak H, Prasad S, Jain N, Singh J (2005)
Mitigating nitrous oxide and methane emissions from soil in
rice-wheat system of the Indo-Gangetic plain with nitrification and
urease inhibitors. Chemosphere 58:141–147
Meiyappan P et al (2017) Dynamics and determinants of land change in
India: integrating satellite data with village socioeconomics. Reg
Environ Change 17:753–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-0161068-2
Metya A, Datye A, Chakraborty S, Tiwari Y (2020) Diurnal and
seasonal variability of CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations in a semi-urban
environment of western India. Theor Appl Climatol (under review)
MoEFCC (2015) India: first biennial update report to the United
Nations framework convention on climate change. Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
MoEFCC (2018) India: second biennial update report to the United
Nations framework convention on climate change. Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India
Mukherjee S, Sekar KC, Lohani P, Kumar K, Patra P, Ishijima K
(2018) Investigation of scale interaction between rainfall and
ecosystem carbon exchange of Western Himalayan Pine dominated
vegetation. Biogeosci Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-299
Mukhophadhya SK, Biswas H, Das KL, Jana TK (2001) Diurnal
variation of carbon dioxide and methane exchange above Sundarbans mangrove forest, in NW coast of India. Indian J Mar Sci
30:70–74
Nalini K, Sijikumar S, Valsala V, Tiwari YK, Ramachandran R (2019)
Designing surface CO 2 monitoring network to constrain the Indian
land fluxes. Atmos Environ 218:117003
Nayak RK, Patel NR, Dadhwal VK (2013) Inter-annual variability and
climate control of terrestrial net primary productivity over India.
Int J Climatol 33:132–142
O’Neill BC, Kriegler E, Riahi K, Ebi KL, Hallegatte S, Carter TR,
Mathur R, Van Vuuren DP (2014) A new scenario framework for
climate change research: the concept of shared socioeconomic
pathways. Clim Change 122:387–400
O’Neill BC, Kriegler E, Ebi KL, Kemp-Benedict E, Riahi K, Rothman DS, Van Ruijven BJ, Van Vuuren DP, Birkmann J, Kok K,
Levy M, Solecki W (2017) The roads ahead: narratives for shared
socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st
century. Glob Environ Change 42:169–180
Oo AZ, Sudo S, Inubushi K, Mano M, Yamamoto A, Ono K, Osawa T,
Hayashida S, Patra PK, Terao Y, Elayakumar P, Vanitha K,
Umamageswari C, Jothimani P, Ravi V (2018) Methane and nitrous
oxide emissions from conventional and modified rice cultivation
systems in South India. Agric Ecosyst Environ 252:148–158
Parashar D, Rai J, Gupta P, Singh N (1991) Parameters affecting
methane emission from paddy fields. Indian J Radio Space Phys
20:12–17
Parker RJ et al (2015) Assessing 5 years of GOSAT Proxy XCH 4 data
and associated uncertainties. Atmos Meas Tech 8:4785–4801
Patel NR, Dadhwal VK, Saha SK (2011) Measurement and scaling of
carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchanges in wheat using flux-tower and
remote sensing. J Ind Soc Remote Sens 39:383–391
Pathak H, Li C, Wassmann R (2005) Greenhouse gas emissions from
Indian rice fields: calibration and upscaling using the DNDC model.
Biogeosciences 2:113–123
Patra PK et al (2009) Growth rate, seasonal, synoptic, diurnal variations
and budget of methane in the lower atmosphere. J Meteorol Soc Jpn
87:635–663. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.87.635
Patra PK et al (2013) The carbon budget of South Asia. Biogeosciences
10:513–527. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-513-2013
Patra PK, Saeki T, Dlugokencky EJ, Ishijima K, Umezawa T, Ito A,
Aoki S, Morimoto S, Kort EA, Crotwell A, Ravikumar K,
Nakazawa T (2016) Regional methane emission estimation based
on observed atmospheric concentrations (2002–2012). J Meteorol
Soc Jpn 94:91–113
Pillai ND, Nandy S, Patel NR, Srinet R, Watham T (2019) Integration
of eddy covariance and process-based model for the intra-annual
variability of carbon fluxes in an Indian tropical forest. Biodivers
Conserv. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01770-3
Prasad VK, Lata M, Badarinath KVS (2003) Trace gas emissions from
biomass burning from northeast region in India—estimates from
satellite remote sensing data and GIS. Environmentalist 23:229–236
Purvaja R, Ramesh R (2001) Natural and anthropogenic methane
emission from coastal wetlands of south India. Environ Manage
27:547–557
Rao AS, Bala G, Ravindranath NH, Nemani R (2019) Multi-model
assessment of trends, variability and drivers of terrestrial carbon
uptake in India. J Earth Syst Sci 128:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s12040-019-1120-y
Ravindranath NH, Somashekhar BS, Gadgil M (1997) Carbon flow in
Indian forests. Clim Change 35:297–320
Ravindranath NH, Chaturvedi RK, Murthy IK (2008) Forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation in India: implications for
forest carbon stocks. Curr Sci 95:216–222
Riahi K, Van Vuuren DP, Kriegler E, Edmonds J, O’Neill B,
Fujimori SNB, Calvin K, Dellink R, Fricko O, Lutz W, Popp A,
Crespo Cuaresma J, Leimbach M, Kram T, Rao S, Emmerling J,
Hasegawa T, Havlik P, Humpenöder F, Aleluia Da Silva L,
Smith SJ, Stehfest E, Bosetti V, Eom J, Gernaat D, Masui T,
Rogelj J, Strefler J, Drouet L, Krey V, Luderer G, Harmsen M,
Takahashi K, Wise M, Baumstark L, Doelman J, Kainuma M,
Klimont Z, Marangoni G, Moss R, Lotze-Campen H, Obersteiner M,
Tabeau A, Tavoni M (2017) The shared socio-economic pathways
and their energy, land use and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview. Glob Environ Change 42:148–152
Rigby M, Prinn RG, Fraser PJ, Simmonds PG, Langenfelds RL,
Huang J, Cunnold DM, Steele LP, Krummel PB, Weiss RF,
O’Doherty S, Salameh PK, Wang HJ, Harth CM, Muhle J,
Porter LW (2008) Renewed growth of atmospheric methane.
Geophys
Res
Lett
35:L22805.
https://doi.org/10.1029/
2008GL036037
Rodda S, Thumaty K, Jha C, Dadhwal V (2016) Seasonal variations of
carbon dioxide, water vapor and energy fluxes in tropical Indian
mangroves. Forests 7:35
Sarma D, Baruah KK, Baruah R, Gogoi N, Chakraborty S, Karipot AK
(2018) Carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy fluxes over a semi
4 Observations and Modeling of GHG Concentrations and Fluxes …
91