evergreen forest in Assam, Northeast India using eddy covariance
technique. J Earth Syst Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-0180993-5
Sasakawa M, Machida T, Ishijima K, Arshinov M, Patra PK, Ito A,
Aoki S, Petrov V (2017) Temporal characteristics of CH 4 vertical
profiles observed in the West Siberian Lowland over Surgut from
1993 to 2015 and Novosibirsk from 1997 to 2015. J Geophys Res
(Atmos). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026836
Schuck TJ et al (2010) Greenhouse gas relationships in the Indian
summer monsoon plume measured by the CARIBIC passenger
aircraft. Atmos Chem Phys 10:3965–3984
Selvam B, Natchimuthu S, Arunachalam L et al (2014) Methane and
carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters in India—implications
for large scale greenhouse gas balances. Glob Change Biol
20:3397–3407
Sharma N, Nayak RK, Dadhwal VK, Kant Y, Ali MM (2013)
Temporal variations of atmospheric CO 2 in Dehradun, India during
2009. Air Soil Water Res 6:37–45
Sharma N et al (2014) Atmospheric CO 2 variations in two contrasting
environmental sites over India. Air Soil Water Res 7:61–68. https://
doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s13987
Singh JS, Singh S, Raghubanshi AS, Singh S, Kashyap AK (1996)
Methane flux from rice/wheat agroecosystem as affected by crop
phenology, fertilization and water level. Plant Soil 183:323–327
Singh JS, Raghubanshi AS, Reddy VS, Singh S, Kashyap AK (1997)
Methane flux from irrigated paddy and dryland rice fields, and from
seasonally dry tropical forest and savanna soils of India. Soil Biol
Biochem 30:135–139
Sreenivas G, Mahesh P, Subin J, Kanchana AL, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK (2016) Influence of meteorology and interrelationship
with greenhouse gases (CO 2 and CH 4 ) at a suburban site of India.
Atmos Chem Phys 16:3953–3967
Sreenivas G, Mahesh P, Biswadip G, Suresh S, Rao PVN, Krishna
Chaitanya M, Srinivasulu P (2019) Spatio-temporal distribution of
CO 2 mixing ratio over Bhubaneswar, Varanasi and Jodhpur of India
—airborne campaign, 2016. Atmos Environ. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.010
Stocker TF et al (2013) IPCC, 2013: climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
Thomson AJ, Giannopoulos G, Pretty J, Baggs EM, Richardson DJ
(2012) Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies
to mitigate emissions. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 367. https://
doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0415
Thompson RL, Lassaletta L, Patra PK et al (2019) Acceleration of
global N 2 O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric
inversion. Nat Clim Change 9:993–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41558-019-0613-7
Tiwari YK, Patra PK, Chevallier F, Francey RJ, Krummel PB,
Allison CE, Revadekar JV, Chakraborty S, Langenfelds RL,
Bhattacharya SK, Borole DV, Kumar KR, Steele LP (2011), CO 2
observations at Cape Rama, India for the period of 1993–2002:
implications for constraining Indian emissions. Curr Sci 101
(12):1562–1568. ISSN: 0011-3891
Tiwari YK, Vellore RK, Kumar KR, van der Schoot M, Cho C-H
(2014) Influence of monsoons on atmospheric CO 2 spatial
variability and ground-based monitoring over India. Sci Total
Environ 490:570–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.
045. ISSN: 0048-9697
Umezawa T, Niwa Y, Sawa Y, Machida T, Matsueda H (2016) Winter
crop CO 2 uptake inferred from CONTRAIL measurements over
Delhi, India. Geophys Res Lett 43:11859–11866. https://doi.org/10.
1002/2016gl070939
Valsala V, Tiwari YK, Pillai P, Roxy M, Maksyutov S, Murtugudde R
(2013) Intraseasonal variability of terrestrial biospheric CO 2 fluxes
over India during summer monsoons. J Geophys Res Biogeosci
118:752–769
van Vuuren DP, Stehfest E, Gernaat D, Doelman J, van Berg M,
Harmsen M, de Boer H-S, Bouwman LF, Daioglou V, Edelenbosch O, Girod B, Kram T, Lassaletta L, Lucas P, van Meijl H,
Müller C, van Ruijven B, Tabeau A (2016) Energy, land-use and
greenhouse gas emissions trajectories under a green growth
paradigm. Glob Environ Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
gloenvcha.2016.05.008
Wassman R, Neue H, Ladha J, Aulakh M (2004) Mitigating greenhouse
gas emissions from rice-wheat cropping systems in Asia. Environ
Dev Sustain 6:65–90
Watham T, Kushwaha SP, Patel NR, Dadhwal VK (2014) Monitoring
of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange over a young mixed
forest plantation using eddy covariance technique. Curr Sci
107:858–866
Watham T, Patel NR, Kushwaha SPS, Dadhwal VK, Kumar AS (2017)
Evaluation of remote-sensing-based models of gross primary
productivity over Indian sal forest using flux tower and MODIS
satellite data. Int J Remote Sens 38:5069–5090
Watson RT, Noble I, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH, Verardo DJ,
Dokken DJ (2000) Land use, land-use change, and forestry.
A special report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Washington. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/land_use/024.htm
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons
Attribution
4.0
International
License
(http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if
changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in
the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a
credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
92
S. Chakraborty et al.
technique. J Earth Syst Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-0180993-5
Sasakawa M, Machida T, Ishijima K, Arshinov M, Patra PK, Ito A,
Aoki S, Petrov V (2017) Temporal characteristics of CH 4 vertical
profiles observed in the West Siberian Lowland over Surgut from
1993 to 2015 and Novosibirsk from 1997 to 2015. J Geophys Res
(Atmos). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026836
Schuck TJ et al (2010) Greenhouse gas relationships in the Indian
summer monsoon plume measured by the CARIBIC passenger
aircraft. Atmos Chem Phys 10:3965–3984
Selvam B, Natchimuthu S, Arunachalam L et al (2014) Methane and
carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters in India—implications
for large scale greenhouse gas balances. Glob Change Biol
20:3397–3407
Sharma N, Nayak RK, Dadhwal VK, Kant Y, Ali MM (2013)
Temporal variations of atmospheric CO 2 in Dehradun, India during
2009. Air Soil Water Res 6:37–45
Sharma N et al (2014) Atmospheric CO 2 variations in two contrasting
environmental sites over India. Air Soil Water Res 7:61–68. https://
doi.org/10.4137/aswr.s13987
Singh JS, Singh S, Raghubanshi AS, Singh S, Kashyap AK (1996)
Methane flux from rice/wheat agroecosystem as affected by crop
phenology, fertilization and water level. Plant Soil 183:323–327
Singh JS, Raghubanshi AS, Reddy VS, Singh S, Kashyap AK (1997)
Methane flux from irrigated paddy and dryland rice fields, and from
seasonally dry tropical forest and savanna soils of India. Soil Biol
Biochem 30:135–139
Sreenivas G, Mahesh P, Subin J, Kanchana AL, Rao PVN, Dadhwal VK (2016) Influence of meteorology and interrelationship
with greenhouse gases (CO 2 and CH 4 ) at a suburban site of India.
Atmos Chem Phys 16:3953–3967
Sreenivas G, Mahesh P, Biswadip G, Suresh S, Rao PVN, Krishna
Chaitanya M, Srinivasulu P (2019) Spatio-temporal distribution of
CO 2 mixing ratio over Bhubaneswar, Varanasi and Jodhpur of India
—airborne campaign, 2016. Atmos Environ. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.atmosenv.2019.01.010
Stocker TF et al (2013) IPCC, 2013: climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
Thomson AJ, Giannopoulos G, Pretty J, Baggs EM, Richardson DJ
(2012) Biological sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and strategies
to mitigate emissions. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 367. https://
doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0415
Thompson RL, Lassaletta L, Patra PK et al (2019) Acceleration of
global N 2 O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric
inversion. Nat Clim Change 9:993–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41558-019-0613-7
Tiwari YK, Patra PK, Chevallier F, Francey RJ, Krummel PB,
Allison CE, Revadekar JV, Chakraborty S, Langenfelds RL,
Bhattacharya SK, Borole DV, Kumar KR, Steele LP (2011), CO 2
observations at Cape Rama, India for the period of 1993–2002:
implications for constraining Indian emissions. Curr Sci 101
(12):1562–1568. ISSN: 0011-3891
Tiwari YK, Vellore RK, Kumar KR, van der Schoot M, Cho C-H
(2014) Influence of monsoons on atmospheric CO 2 spatial
variability and ground-based monitoring over India. Sci Total
Environ 490:570–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.
045. ISSN: 0048-9697
Umezawa T, Niwa Y, Sawa Y, Machida T, Matsueda H (2016) Winter
crop CO 2 uptake inferred from CONTRAIL measurements over
Delhi, India. Geophys Res Lett 43:11859–11866. https://doi.org/10.
1002/2016gl070939
Valsala V, Tiwari YK, Pillai P, Roxy M, Maksyutov S, Murtugudde R
(2013) Intraseasonal variability of terrestrial biospheric CO 2 fluxes
over India during summer monsoons. J Geophys Res Biogeosci
118:752–769
van Vuuren DP, Stehfest E, Gernaat D, Doelman J, van Berg M,
Harmsen M, de Boer H-S, Bouwman LF, Daioglou V, Edelenbosch O, Girod B, Kram T, Lassaletta L, Lucas P, van Meijl H,
Müller C, van Ruijven B, Tabeau A (2016) Energy, land-use and
greenhouse gas emissions trajectories under a green growth
paradigm. Glob Environ Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
gloenvcha.2016.05.008
Wassman R, Neue H, Ladha J, Aulakh M (2004) Mitigating greenhouse
gas emissions from rice-wheat cropping systems in Asia. Environ
Dev Sustain 6:65–90
Watham T, Kushwaha SP, Patel NR, Dadhwal VK (2014) Monitoring
of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange over a young mixed
forest plantation using eddy covariance technique. Curr Sci
107:858–866
Watham T, Patel NR, Kushwaha SPS, Dadhwal VK, Kumar AS (2017)
Evaluation of remote-sensing-based models of gross primary
productivity over Indian sal forest using flux tower and MODIS
satellite data. Int J Remote Sens 38:5069–5090
Watson RT, Noble I, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH, Verardo DJ,
Dokken DJ (2000) Land use, land-use change, and forestry.
A special report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
Washington. http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/land_use/024.htm
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative
Commons
Attribution
4.0
International
License
(http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if
changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in
the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a
credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to
obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
92
S. Chakraborty et al.