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production landscapes known as “maeuls” (UNU-IAS 2012a). Rapid industrialization is now a factor in the loss of rural production landscapes and the diversity of
crops grown within them in multiple countries across Asia (Knight 2010; Shimada
2015; Tomita et al. 2015). Overexploitation of resources from increasing population
pressures and multiple demands by actors at different levels, together with poverty
and the exacerbating effects of climate change, is a continuing threat to BES in
traditional land-use systems (Shimada 2015; Takeuchi et al. 2016). In Cambodia’s
Chumkiri District, anarchical forest exploitation by both insiders and outsiders has
turned the area’s semi-jungle forest into a degraded forest, significantly impacting
the local people who have long been dependent on various forest-based ecosystem
services (Marady et al. 2011).
Finally, underutilization is a relatively unique phenomenon to countries where
populations are decreasing or aging and driving the loss of BES through the transformation of abandoned lands to new ecosystems (Putra and Nakamura 2009;
Kieninger et al. 2011; Morimoto 2011; Tsuchiya et al. 2013; Plieninger et al. 2014;
Queroiz et al. 2014; Katayama et al. 2015; Shimada 2015; Li and Li 2016; Osawa
et al. 2016; Takeuchi et al. 2016). For instance, in Japan’s Toyooka City, underutilization in the form of abandonment of farmlands served as a major factor in the
disappearance of oriental white storks, an important fauna in maintaining the area’s
wetland ecosystem (Toyooka City 2012).
A recent regional assessment of the status of BES in Asia and the Pacific found
that the interaction of these factors and others are accelerating the rate of loss of
BES across Asia in ways that are threatening livelihoods and food security, but
found that management choices can alter this trajectory (IPBES 2018).
7.1.2 Community-Based Sustainable Use and Management
of Resources
Communities have practiced varying sustainable resource management approaches
in places where multiple ecosystem services for human well-being are derived from
patchwork land uses and ecosystems in mosaics with human settlements, known as
social-ecological production landscapes or seascapes (SEPLS) (Bélair et al. 2010;
Hashimoto et al. 2015). One such approach to managing SEPLS for multiple benefits is embodied in the Japanese concept of “Satoyama,” or the balance of society
and nature in harmony. Many experiences with the Satoyama tradition of sustainable use and the conservation of SEPLS have been documented (See for instance the
volumes of: Subramanian et al. 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018; Okayasu and
Matsumoto 2013).
However, the traditional Satoyama approach, which customarily provided multiple ecosystem services and benefits to humans, no longer suffices in practice to
deliver the same level, mix or synergies among ecosystem services due to the externally influenced drivers of an accelerating loss of BES that are changing the patterns
7 Place-Based Solutions for Conservation and Restoration of Social-Ecological…
production landscapes known as “maeuls” (UNU-IAS 2012a). Rapid industrialization is now a factor in the loss of rural production landscapes and the diversity of
crops grown within them in multiple countries across Asia (Knight 2010; Shimada
2015; Tomita et al. 2015). Overexploitation of resources from increasing population
pressures and multiple demands by actors at different levels, together with poverty
and the exacerbating effects of climate change, is a continuing threat to BES in
traditional land-use systems (Shimada 2015; Takeuchi et al. 2016). In Cambodia’s
Chumkiri District, anarchical forest exploitation by both insiders and outsiders has
turned the area’s semi-jungle forest into a degraded forest, significantly impacting
the local people who have long been dependent on various forest-based ecosystem
services (Marady et al. 2011).
Finally, underutilization is a relatively unique phenomenon to countries where
populations are decreasing or aging and driving the loss of BES through the transformation of abandoned lands to new ecosystems (Putra and Nakamura 2009;
Kieninger et al. 2011; Morimoto 2011; Tsuchiya et al. 2013; Plieninger et al. 2014;
Queroiz et al. 2014; Katayama et al. 2015; Shimada 2015; Li and Li 2016; Osawa
et al. 2016; Takeuchi et al. 2016). For instance, in Japan’s Toyooka City, underutilization in the form of abandonment of farmlands served as a major factor in the
disappearance of oriental white storks, an important fauna in maintaining the area’s
wetland ecosystem (Toyooka City 2012).
A recent regional assessment of the status of BES in Asia and the Pacific found
that the interaction of these factors and others are accelerating the rate of loss of
BES across Asia in ways that are threatening livelihoods and food security, but
found that management choices can alter this trajectory (IPBES 2018).
7.1.2 Community-Based Sustainable Use and Management
of Resources
Communities have practiced varying sustainable resource management approaches
in places where multiple ecosystem services for human well-being are derived from
patchwork land uses and ecosystems in mosaics with human settlements, known as
social-ecological production landscapes or seascapes (SEPLS) (Bélair et al. 2010;
Hashimoto et al. 2015). One such approach to managing SEPLS for multiple benefits is embodied in the Japanese concept of “Satoyama,” or the balance of society
and nature in harmony. Many experiences with the Satoyama tradition of sustainable use and the conservation of SEPLS have been documented (See for instance the
volumes of: Subramanian et al. 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018; Okayasu and
Matsumoto 2013).
However, the traditional Satoyama approach, which customarily provided multiple ecosystem services and benefits to humans, no longer suffices in practice to
deliver the same level, mix or synergies among ecosystem services due to the externally influenced drivers of an accelerating loss of BES that are changing the patterns
7 Place-Based Solutions for Conservation and Restoration of Social-Ecological…