120
and feedbacks among land use and users at different scales (Takeuchi et al. 2016).
In the examples in the preceding section, not only did a loss of BES impact people’s
livelihoods and well-being, but re-shaped the overall dynamics of diverse and complex social-ecological systems in communities across Asia. Impacts of a loss of
BES on water availability and quality, crop productivity, health, nutrition, and food
security are causing SEPLS to no longer serve as reliable sources of income and
support for the well-being of local residents.
7.1.3 The New Challenges to Sustainable Use
and Management of SEPLS
The drivers of a loss of BES and their interactions are complex and span multiple
scales. They also introduce new demands on the ecosystems in the landscape, while
the stakeholders making such demands are increasingly located at multiple socialecological scales. Therefore, local residents together with other societal actors spanning social-ecological scales and seeking to address the same challenge need to
work together on the solutions. In the rest of this chapter, we use the term “placebased” solutions to refer to these solutions that are developed for use in a particular
SEPLS by societal actors at different social-ecological scales, and that have a wide
range of values shaping their preferences for selection of solutions.
Addressing this challenge of an accelerating loss of BES and revitalizing SEPLS
in ways that will balance society and nature in harmony requires sustainable use and
management approaches that function across multiple scales and that take into
account the feedbacks in social-ecological systems (Takeuchi et al. 2016). Therefore,
increasingly, approaches to sustainable use and management of SEPLS need to
address the multiple externally influenced drivers that are challenging traditional
land-use patterns, and also account for the wider range of values from different
users from multiple scales, while still meeting the livelihood and well-being of local
populations (Gu and Subramanian 2014; Havas et al. 2016; Duraiappah et al. 2014;
IPBES 2015; Bohnet and Beilin 2015).
The 2018 IPBES regional assessment for BES in Asia finds that the types of
management approaches that can best help address the links among drivers that are
accelerating a loss of BES are those that are based on community approaches to
sustainable use and management and that link multiple stakeholders and levels
through collaborative decision-making processes (IPBES 2018). These types of
approaches put communities at the center of defining the priority values of land use
and decision-making in the landscape while linking the management functions and
jurisdictions over resource governance across scales. These approaches include
various forms of a landscape-scale approach to integrated management of the benefits from BES in SEPLS. Not only should these management approaches address
ecosystem services today, but also the needed ecosystem services in the future for
R. Kozar et al.
and feedbacks among land use and users at different scales (Takeuchi et al. 2016).
In the examples in the preceding section, not only did a loss of BES impact people’s
livelihoods and well-being, but re-shaped the overall dynamics of diverse and complex social-ecological systems in communities across Asia. Impacts of a loss of
BES on water availability and quality, crop productivity, health, nutrition, and food
security are causing SEPLS to no longer serve as reliable sources of income and
support for the well-being of local residents.
7.1.3 The New Challenges to Sustainable Use
and Management of SEPLS
The drivers of a loss of BES and their interactions are complex and span multiple
scales. They also introduce new demands on the ecosystems in the landscape, while
the stakeholders making such demands are increasingly located at multiple socialecological scales. Therefore, local residents together with other societal actors spanning social-ecological scales and seeking to address the same challenge need to
work together on the solutions. In the rest of this chapter, we use the term “placebased” solutions to refer to these solutions that are developed for use in a particular
SEPLS by societal actors at different social-ecological scales, and that have a wide
range of values shaping their preferences for selection of solutions.
Addressing this challenge of an accelerating loss of BES and revitalizing SEPLS
in ways that will balance society and nature in harmony requires sustainable use and
management approaches that function across multiple scales and that take into
account the feedbacks in social-ecological systems (Takeuchi et al. 2016). Therefore,
increasingly, approaches to sustainable use and management of SEPLS need to
address the multiple externally influenced drivers that are challenging traditional
land-use patterns, and also account for the wider range of values from different
users from multiple scales, while still meeting the livelihood and well-being of local
populations (Gu and Subramanian 2014; Havas et al. 2016; Duraiappah et al. 2014;
IPBES 2015; Bohnet and Beilin 2015).
The 2018 IPBES regional assessment for BES in Asia finds that the types of
management approaches that can best help address the links among drivers that are
accelerating a loss of BES are those that are based on community approaches to
sustainable use and management and that link multiple stakeholders and levels
through collaborative decision-making processes (IPBES 2018). These types of
approaches put communities at the center of defining the priority values of land use
and decision-making in the landscape while linking the management functions and
jurisdictions over resource governance across scales. These approaches include
various forms of a landscape-scale approach to integrated management of the benefits from BES in SEPLS. Not only should these management approaches address
ecosystem services today, but also the needed ecosystem services in the future for
R. Kozar et al.