118
of BES in SEPLS while embracing a mix of all solution types across ecosystems.
Institutional and governance solutions are the most common type across Asia.
Technological solutions are preferred in East Asia, while knowledge and cognitive
solutions are preferred in Southeast Asia. Economic and incentive-based solutions
are found most often in South Asia as livelihood investments for local residents, and
to balance trade-offs among food production and biodiversity conservation. Sharing
the knowledge of various place-based solution types in different social-ecological
contexts helps improve more purposeful and deliberate design of SEPLS for multiple benefits.
Keywords Place-based · Solution scanning · Biodiversity conservation · SEPLS ·
Sustainable development
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 An Accelerating Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services in Asia
Communities across Asia are facing unprecedented threats to traditional natural
resource-based livelihoods in managed agricultural landscapes (van Oudenhoven
et al. 2010). The loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) from land-use
change is affecting the systems communities have relied on for the sustainable use
and management of resources that provide for their livelihoods. This changing relevance of traditional land-use systems in Asia is driven by a number of externally
influenced drivers such as the use of modern agricultural technologies, urbanization, rapid industrialization, overexploitation and underutilization. We introduce
some of the ways each of these drivers have upset the balance of resource use in turn.
First, the use of modern agricultural technologies has changed the balance of
species in some ecosystems (Kumar and Takeuchi 2009; Plieninger et al. 2014;
Akça et al. 2015; Katayama et al. 2015; Aadrean 2017). In Taiwan’s Shungxi River
Valley for instance, farmers’ use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has put great
pressure on local aquatic species and other freshwater-based ecosystem services
(Yun-Ju et al. 2015). Increasing urban sprawl and changing consumer demands are
driving shifts in ecosystem composition, the loss of agrobiodiversity, and the services provided to humans across communities in the region (Kumar and Takeuchi
2009; Knight 2010; Kohsaka et al. 2013; Plieninger et al. 2014; Sakurai et al. 2016;
Yu et al. 2016). In Pakistan’s Jhelum River Basin, urbanization has been credited
with the reduction of wildlife species, shifts of indigenous plant species to nonnative species, and increased contamination of the river (Khan et al. 2017).
Industrialization in South Korea was key to the country’s economic growth in the
1960s, but came in part at the expense of the country’s traditional rural agricultural
R. Kozar et al.
of BES in SEPLS while embracing a mix of all solution types across ecosystems.
Institutional and governance solutions are the most common type across Asia.
Technological solutions are preferred in East Asia, while knowledge and cognitive
solutions are preferred in Southeast Asia. Economic and incentive-based solutions
are found most often in South Asia as livelihood investments for local residents, and
to balance trade-offs among food production and biodiversity conservation. Sharing
the knowledge of various place-based solution types in different social-ecological
contexts helps improve more purposeful and deliberate design of SEPLS for multiple benefits.
Keywords Place-based · Solution scanning · Biodiversity conservation · SEPLS ·
Sustainable development
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 An Accelerating Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services in Asia
Communities across Asia are facing unprecedented threats to traditional natural
resource-based livelihoods in managed agricultural landscapes (van Oudenhoven
et al. 2010). The loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services (BES) from land-use
change is affecting the systems communities have relied on for the sustainable use
and management of resources that provide for their livelihoods. This changing relevance of traditional land-use systems in Asia is driven by a number of externally
influenced drivers such as the use of modern agricultural technologies, urbanization, rapid industrialization, overexploitation and underutilization. We introduce
some of the ways each of these drivers have upset the balance of resource use in turn.
First, the use of modern agricultural technologies has changed the balance of
species in some ecosystems (Kumar and Takeuchi 2009; Plieninger et al. 2014;
Akça et al. 2015; Katayama et al. 2015; Aadrean 2017). In Taiwan’s Shungxi River
Valley for instance, farmers’ use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has put great
pressure on local aquatic species and other freshwater-based ecosystem services
(Yun-Ju et al. 2015). Increasing urban sprawl and changing consumer demands are
driving shifts in ecosystem composition, the loss of agrobiodiversity, and the services provided to humans across communities in the region (Kumar and Takeuchi
2009; Knight 2010; Kohsaka et al. 2013; Plieninger et al. 2014; Sakurai et al. 2016;
Yu et al. 2016). In Pakistan’s Jhelum River Basin, urbanization has been credited
with the reduction of wildlife species, shifts of indigenous plant species to nonnative species, and increased contamination of the river (Khan et al. 2017).
Industrialization in South Korea was key to the country’s economic growth in the
1960s, but came in part at the expense of the country’s traditional rural agricultural
R. Kozar et al.