Margraf N, Verdon A, Rahier M, Naisbit RE (2007) Glacial survival and local adaptation in an
alpine leaf beetle. Mol Ecol 16:2333–2343
Martin J-F, Gilles A, Lörtscher M, Descimon H (2002) Phylogenetics and differentiation among
the western taxa of the Erebia tyndarus group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc
75:319–332
Moore AJ, Merges D, Kadereit JW (2013) The origin of the serpentine endemic Minuartia
laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica by vicariance and competitive exclusion. Mol Ecol 22:2218–2231
Mráz P, Gaudeul M, Rioux D, Gielly L, Choler P, Taberlet P (2007) Genetic structure of
Hypochaeris uniflora (Asteraceae) suggests vicariance in the Carpathians and rapid
post-glacial colonization of the Alps from an eastern Alpine refugium. J Biogeogr 34:2100–
2114
Muster C, Berendonk TU (2006) Divergence and diversity: lessons from an arctic-alpine
distribution (Pardosa saltuaria group, Lycosidae). Mol Ecol 15:2921–2933
Pauls SU, Lumbsch HT, Haase P (2006) Phylogeography of the montane caddisfly Drusus
discolor: evidence for multiple refugia and periglacial survival. Mol Ecol 15:2153–2169
Paun O, Schönswetter P, Winkler M, Tribsch A (2008) A historical divergence versus
contemporary gene flow: evolutionary history of the calcicole Ranunculus alpestris group
(Ranunculaceae) in the European Alps and Carpathians. Mol Ecol 17:4263–4275
Reisch C (2008) Glacial history of Saxifraga paniculata (Saxifragaceae): molecular biogeography
of a disjunct arctic-alpine species from Europe and North America. Biol J Linn Soc 93:385–
398
Ronikier M, Cieslak E, Korbecka G (2008a) High genetic differentiation in the alpine plant
Campanula alpina Jacq. (Campanulaceae): evidence for glacial survival in several Carpathian
regions and long-term isolation between the Carpathians and the Eastern Alps. Mol Ecol
17:1763–1775
Ronikier M, Costa A, Fuertes Aguilar J, Feliner GN, Küpfer P, Mirek Z (2008b) Phylogeography
of Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae): chloroplast DNA reveals two evolutionary
lineages across central Europe and Scandinavia. J Biogeogr 35:1650–1664
Scharff RF (1899) The history of the European fauna. Walter Scott, London
Schmitt T (2009) Biogeographical and evolutionary importance of the European high mountain
systems. Front Zool 6:9
Schmitt T, Besold J (2010) Upslope movements and large scale expansions: the taxonomy and
biogeography of the Coenonympha arcania—C. darwiniana—C. gardetta butterfly species
complex. Zool J Linn Soc 159:890–904
Schmitt T, Haubrich K (2008) The genetic structure of the mountain forest butterfly Erebia euryale
unravels the late Pleistocene and postglacial history of the mountain coniferous forest biome in
Europe. Mol Ecol 17:2194–2207
Schmitt T, Hewitt GM, Müller P (2006) Disjunct distributions during glacial and interglacial
periods in mountain butterflies: Erebia epiphron as an example. J Evol Biol 19:108–113
Schmitt T, Muster C, Schönswetter P (2010) Are disjunct alpine and arctic-alpine animal and plant
species in the western Palearctic really “relics of a cold past”? In: Habel JC, Assmann T
(eds) Relict species: phylogeography and conservation biology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 239–
252
Schmitt T, Habel JC, Rödder D, Louy D (2014) Effects of recent and past climatic shifts on the
genetic structure of the high mountain Yellow-spotted ringlet butterfly Erebia manto
(Lepidoptera, Satyrinae): a conservation problem. Glob Change Biol 20:2045–2061
Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM (2009) Androsace komovensis sp. nov., a long mistaken local
endemic from the southern Balkan Peninsula with biogeographic links to the Eastern Alps.
Taxon 58:544–549
Schönswetter P, Tribsch A, Barfuss M, Niklfeld H (2002) Several Pleistocene refugia detected in
the high alpine plant Phyteuma globulariifolium in the European Alps. Mol Ecol 11:2637–
2647
Schönswetter P, Tribsch A, Niklfeld H (2003a) Phylogeography of the high alpine cushion-plant
Androsace alpina (Primulaceae) in the European Alps. Plant Biol 5:623–630
72
T. Schmitt
alpine leaf beetle. Mol Ecol 16:2333–2343
Martin J-F, Gilles A, Lörtscher M, Descimon H (2002) Phylogenetics and differentiation among
the western taxa of the Erebia tyndarus group (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc
75:319–332
Moore AJ, Merges D, Kadereit JW (2013) The origin of the serpentine endemic Minuartia
laricifolia subsp. ophiolitica by vicariance and competitive exclusion. Mol Ecol 22:2218–2231
Mráz P, Gaudeul M, Rioux D, Gielly L, Choler P, Taberlet P (2007) Genetic structure of
Hypochaeris uniflora (Asteraceae) suggests vicariance in the Carpathians and rapid
post-glacial colonization of the Alps from an eastern Alpine refugium. J Biogeogr 34:2100–
2114
Muster C, Berendonk TU (2006) Divergence and diversity: lessons from an arctic-alpine
distribution (Pardosa saltuaria group, Lycosidae). Mol Ecol 15:2921–2933
Pauls SU, Lumbsch HT, Haase P (2006) Phylogeography of the montane caddisfly Drusus
discolor: evidence for multiple refugia and periglacial survival. Mol Ecol 15:2153–2169
Paun O, Schönswetter P, Winkler M, Tribsch A (2008) A historical divergence versus
contemporary gene flow: evolutionary history of the calcicole Ranunculus alpestris group
(Ranunculaceae) in the European Alps and Carpathians. Mol Ecol 17:4263–4275
Reisch C (2008) Glacial history of Saxifraga paniculata (Saxifragaceae): molecular biogeography
of a disjunct arctic-alpine species from Europe and North America. Biol J Linn Soc 93:385–
398
Ronikier M, Cieslak E, Korbecka G (2008a) High genetic differentiation in the alpine plant
Campanula alpina Jacq. (Campanulaceae): evidence for glacial survival in several Carpathian
regions and long-term isolation between the Carpathians and the Eastern Alps. Mol Ecol
17:1763–1775
Ronikier M, Costa A, Fuertes Aguilar J, Feliner GN, Küpfer P, Mirek Z (2008b) Phylogeography
of Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae): chloroplast DNA reveals two evolutionary
lineages across central Europe and Scandinavia. J Biogeogr 35:1650–1664
Scharff RF (1899) The history of the European fauna. Walter Scott, London
Schmitt T (2009) Biogeographical and evolutionary importance of the European high mountain
systems. Front Zool 6:9
Schmitt T, Besold J (2010) Upslope movements and large scale expansions: the taxonomy and
biogeography of the Coenonympha arcania—C. darwiniana—C. gardetta butterfly species
complex. Zool J Linn Soc 159:890–904
Schmitt T, Haubrich K (2008) The genetic structure of the mountain forest butterfly Erebia euryale
unravels the late Pleistocene and postglacial history of the mountain coniferous forest biome in
Europe. Mol Ecol 17:2194–2207
Schmitt T, Hewitt GM, Müller P (2006) Disjunct distributions during glacial and interglacial
periods in mountain butterflies: Erebia epiphron as an example. J Evol Biol 19:108–113
Schmitt T, Muster C, Schönswetter P (2010) Are disjunct alpine and arctic-alpine animal and plant
species in the western Palearctic really “relics of a cold past”? In: Habel JC, Assmann T
(eds) Relict species: phylogeography and conservation biology. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 239–
252
Schmitt T, Habel JC, Rödder D, Louy D (2014) Effects of recent and past climatic shifts on the
genetic structure of the high mountain Yellow-spotted ringlet butterfly Erebia manto
(Lepidoptera, Satyrinae): a conservation problem. Glob Change Biol 20:2045–2061
Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM (2009) Androsace komovensis sp. nov., a long mistaken local
endemic from the southern Balkan Peninsula with biogeographic links to the Eastern Alps.
Taxon 58:544–549
Schönswetter P, Tribsch A, Barfuss M, Niklfeld H (2002) Several Pleistocene refugia detected in
the high alpine plant Phyteuma globulariifolium in the European Alps. Mol Ecol 11:2637–
2647
Schönswetter P, Tribsch A, Niklfeld H (2003a) Phylogeography of the high alpine cushion-plant
Androsace alpina (Primulaceae) in the European Alps. Plant Biol 5:623–630
72
T. Schmitt