Stenström A, Jónsdóttir IS, Augner M (2002) Genetic and environmental effects on morphology in
clonal sedges in the Eurasian Arctic. Am J Bot 89:1410–1421
Sternberg D, Kennard MJ (2013) Environmental, spatial and phylogenetic determinants of fish
life-history traits and functional composition of Australian rivers. Freshwater Biol 58:1767–1778
Stöcklin J (1992) Umwelt, Morphologie und Wachstumsmuster klonaler Pflanzen—eine
Übersicht. Bot Helv 102:3–21
Stöcklin J, Kuss P, Pluess AR (2009) Genetic diversity, phenotypic variation and local adaptation
in the alpine landscape: case studies with alpine plant species. Bot Helv 119:125–133
Tanaka S, Brookes VJ (1983) Altitudinal adaptation of the life cycle in Allonemobius fasciatus
DeGeer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Can J Zool 61:1986–1990
Tatar M, Gray DW, Carey JR (1997) Altitudinal variation for senescence in Melanoplus
grasshoppers. Oecologia 111:357–364
Tinkle DW, Gibbons JW (1977) The distribution and evolution of viviparity in reptiles. Misc Publ
Mus Zool Univ Mich 154:1–55
Toräng P, Wunder J, Obeso JR, Herzog M, Coupland G, Ågren J (2015) Large-scale adaptive
differentiation in the alpine perennial herb Arabis alpina. New Phyt 206:459–470
Venn SE, Morgan JW (2009) Patterns in alpine seedling emergence and establishment across a
stress gradient of mountain summits in south-eastern Australia. Plant Ecol Diver 2:5–16
Villellas J, Doak DF, García MB, Morris WF (2015) Demographic compensation among
populations: what is it, how does it arise and what are its implications? Ecol Lett 18:1139–1152
Vitt LJ, Caldwell JP (2013) Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles.
Academic Press
Vucetich JA, Waite TA (2003) Spatial patterns of demography and genetic processes across the
species’ range: null hypotheses for landscape conservation genetics. Conserv Genet 4:639–645
Wachter GA, Arthofer W, DejacoT Rinnhofer LJ, Steiner FM, Schlick-Steiner BC (2012)
Pleistocene survival on central Alpine nunataks: genetic evidence from the jumping bristletail
Machilis pallida. Mol Ecol 21:4983–4995
Wang Y, Wang JJ, Lai LM, Jiang LH, Zhuang P, Zhang LH, Zheng YR, Baskin JM, Baskin CC
(2014) Geographic variation in seed traits within and among forty-two species of
Rhododendron (Ericaceae) on the Tibetan plateau: relationships with altitude, habitat, plant
height, and phylogeny. Ecol Evol 4:1913–1923
Watson MA (1984) Developmental constraints—effect on population growth and patterns of
resource allocation in a clonal plant. Am Nat 123:411–426
Watson MA, Casper BB (1984) Morphogenetic constraints on patterns of carbon distribution in
plants. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 15:233–258
Westoby J, Jurado E, Leishmann M (1992) Comparative evolutionary ecology of seed size. Trends
Ecol Evol 7:368–372
Wilhelm FM, Schindler DW (2000) Reproductive strategies of Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea:
Amphipoda) along an elevation gradient. Funct Ecol 14:413–422
Williams CM, Henry HA, Sinclair BJ (2015) Cold truths: how winter drives responses of terrestrial
organisms to climate change. Biol Rev 90:214–235
Winkler DW, Dunn PO, McCulloch CE (2002) Predicting the effects of climate change on avian
life-history traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13595–13599
Wipf S, Stoeckli V, Bebi P (2009) Winter climate change in alpine tundra: plant responses to
changes in snow depth and snowmelt timing. Clim Change 94:105–121
Wookey PA, Parsons AN, Welker JM, Potter JA, Callaghan TV, Lee JA, Press MC (1993)
Comparative responses of phenology and reproductive development to simulated environmental change in sub-arctic and high arctic plants. Oikos 67:490–502
Wu GL, Du GZ (2009) Seed mass in Kobresia-dominated communities in alpine meadows at two
different elevations. Isr J Ecol Evol 55:31–40
Wynne-Edwards KE (1995) Biparental care in Djungarian but not Siberian dwarf hamsters
(Phodopus). Anim Behav 50:1571–1585
Wynne-Edwards KE (1998) Evolution of parental care in Phodopus: conflict between adaptations
for survival and adaptations for rapid reproduction. Am Zool 38:238–250
282
P. Laiolo and J.R. Obeso
clonal sedges in the Eurasian Arctic. Am J Bot 89:1410–1421
Sternberg D, Kennard MJ (2013) Environmental, spatial and phylogenetic determinants of fish
life-history traits and functional composition of Australian rivers. Freshwater Biol 58:1767–1778
Stöcklin J (1992) Umwelt, Morphologie und Wachstumsmuster klonaler Pflanzen—eine
Übersicht. Bot Helv 102:3–21
Stöcklin J, Kuss P, Pluess AR (2009) Genetic diversity, phenotypic variation and local adaptation
in the alpine landscape: case studies with alpine plant species. Bot Helv 119:125–133
Tanaka S, Brookes VJ (1983) Altitudinal adaptation of the life cycle in Allonemobius fasciatus
DeGeer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Can J Zool 61:1986–1990
Tatar M, Gray DW, Carey JR (1997) Altitudinal variation for senescence in Melanoplus
grasshoppers. Oecologia 111:357–364
Tinkle DW, Gibbons JW (1977) The distribution and evolution of viviparity in reptiles. Misc Publ
Mus Zool Univ Mich 154:1–55
Toräng P, Wunder J, Obeso JR, Herzog M, Coupland G, Ågren J (2015) Large-scale adaptive
differentiation in the alpine perennial herb Arabis alpina. New Phyt 206:459–470
Venn SE, Morgan JW (2009) Patterns in alpine seedling emergence and establishment across a
stress gradient of mountain summits in south-eastern Australia. Plant Ecol Diver 2:5–16
Villellas J, Doak DF, García MB, Morris WF (2015) Demographic compensation among
populations: what is it, how does it arise and what are its implications? Ecol Lett 18:1139–1152
Vitt LJ, Caldwell JP (2013) Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles.
Academic Press
Vucetich JA, Waite TA (2003) Spatial patterns of demography and genetic processes across the
species’ range: null hypotheses for landscape conservation genetics. Conserv Genet 4:639–645
Wachter GA, Arthofer W, DejacoT Rinnhofer LJ, Steiner FM, Schlick-Steiner BC (2012)
Pleistocene survival on central Alpine nunataks: genetic evidence from the jumping bristletail
Machilis pallida. Mol Ecol 21:4983–4995
Wang Y, Wang JJ, Lai LM, Jiang LH, Zhuang P, Zhang LH, Zheng YR, Baskin JM, Baskin CC
(2014) Geographic variation in seed traits within and among forty-two species of
Rhododendron (Ericaceae) on the Tibetan plateau: relationships with altitude, habitat, plant
height, and phylogeny. Ecol Evol 4:1913–1923
Watson MA (1984) Developmental constraints—effect on population growth and patterns of
resource allocation in a clonal plant. Am Nat 123:411–426
Watson MA, Casper BB (1984) Morphogenetic constraints on patterns of carbon distribution in
plants. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 15:233–258
Westoby J, Jurado E, Leishmann M (1992) Comparative evolutionary ecology of seed size. Trends
Ecol Evol 7:368–372
Wilhelm FM, Schindler DW (2000) Reproductive strategies of Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea:
Amphipoda) along an elevation gradient. Funct Ecol 14:413–422
Williams CM, Henry HA, Sinclair BJ (2015) Cold truths: how winter drives responses of terrestrial
organisms to climate change. Biol Rev 90:214–235
Winkler DW, Dunn PO, McCulloch CE (2002) Predicting the effects of climate change on avian
life-history traits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:13595–13599
Wipf S, Stoeckli V, Bebi P (2009) Winter climate change in alpine tundra: plant responses to
changes in snow depth and snowmelt timing. Clim Change 94:105–121
Wookey PA, Parsons AN, Welker JM, Potter JA, Callaghan TV, Lee JA, Press MC (1993)
Comparative responses of phenology and reproductive development to simulated environmental change in sub-arctic and high arctic plants. Oikos 67:490–502
Wu GL, Du GZ (2009) Seed mass in Kobresia-dominated communities in alpine meadows at two
different elevations. Isr J Ecol Evol 55:31–40
Wynne-Edwards KE (1995) Biparental care in Djungarian but not Siberian dwarf hamsters
(Phodopus). Anim Behav 50:1571–1585
Wynne-Edwards KE (1998) Evolution of parental care in Phodopus: conflict between adaptations
for survival and adaptations for rapid reproduction. Am Zool 38:238–250
282
P. Laiolo and J.R. Obeso