Yeh PJ, Price TD (2004) Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and the successful colonization of a novel
environment. Am Nat 164:531–542
Yoccoz NG, Ims RA (1999) Demography of small mammals in cold regions: the importance of
environmental variability. Ecol Bull 47:137–144
Zammuto RM, Millar JS (1985) Environmental predictability, variability, and Spermophilus
columbianus life history over an elevational gradient. Ecology 66:1784–1794
Zettel J (2000) Alpine Collembola—adaptations and strategies for survival in harsh environments.
Zool Anal Complex Syst 102:73–89
Zhang L, Lu XIN (2012) Amphibians live longer at higher altitudes but not at higher latitudes.
Biol J Linn Soc 106:623–632
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
283
environment. Am Nat 164:531–542
Yoccoz NG, Ims RA (1999) Demography of small mammals in cold regions: the importance of
environmental variability. Ecol Bull 47:137–144
Zammuto RM, Millar JS (1985) Environmental predictability, variability, and Spermophilus
columbianus life history over an elevational gradient. Ecology 66:1784–1794
Zettel J (2000) Alpine Collembola—adaptations and strategies for survival in harsh environments.
Zool Anal Complex Syst 102:73–89
Zhang L, Lu XIN (2012) Amphibians live longer at higher altitudes but not at higher latitudes.
Biol J Linn Soc 106:623–632
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate
credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and
indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative
Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by
statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from
the copyright holder.
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
283