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(Rosaceae) in the Swiss Alps. Am J Bot 91:2013–2021
Pluess AR, Schutz W, Stöcklin J (2005) Seed weight increases with elevation in the Swiss Alps
between related species but not among populations of individual species. Oecologia 144:55–61
Pollux BJA, Pires MN, Banet AI, Reznick DN (2009) Evolution of placentas in the fish family
Poeciliidae: an empirical study of macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:271–289
Qi W, Guo S, Chen X, Cornelissen JHC, Bu H, Du G, Cui X, Li W, Liu K (2014) Disentangling
ecological, allometric and evolutionary determinants of the relationship between seed mass and
elevation: insights from multiple analyses of 1355 angiosperm species on the Eastern Tibetan
Plateau. Oikos 123:23–32
Reisch C, Schurm S, Poschlod P (2007) Spatial genetic structure and clonal diversity in an alpine
population of Salix herbacea (Salicaceae). Ann Bot 99:647–651
Reznick D (1985) Cost of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos
44:257–267
Ricklefs RE, Wikelski M (2002) The physiology/life-history nexus. Trends Ecol Evol 17:462–468
Rolland C (2003) Spatial and seasonal variations of air temperature lapse rates in Alpine regions.
J Climate 16:1032–1046
Rourke BC (2000) Geographic and altitudinal variation in water balance and metabolic rate in a
California grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. J Exp Biol 203:2699–2712
Sæther BE, Bakke Ø (2000) Avian life history variation and contribution of demographic traits to
the population growth rate. Ecology 81:642–653
Sakai A, Larcher W (1987) Frost survival of plants responses and adaptation to freezing stress.
Springer, Berlin
Sarapult’tsev IE (2001) The phenomenon of pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane
Grasses (Deschampsia Beauv., Festuca L., and Poa L.). Russ J Ecol 32:170–178
Scherff EJ, Galen C, Stanton ML (1994) Seed dispersal, seedling survival and habitat affinity in a
snowbed plant: limits to the distribution of the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus. Oikos
3:405–413
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University Press
Schmoller R (1970) Life histories of alpine tundra Arachnida in Colorado. Am Midl Nat 83:119–133
Schulze ED, Chapin FS III (1987) Plant specialization to environments of different resource
availability. Potentials and limitations of ecosystem analysis. Springer, Berlin, pp 120–148
Sears MW, Angilletta MJ Jr (2003) Life history variation in the sagebrush lizard: phenotypic
plasticity or local adaptation? Ecology 84:1624–1634
Shine R (2005) Life-history evolution in reptiles. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S:23–46
Sibly RM, Brown JH (2007) Effects of body size and lifestyle on evolution of mammal life
histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17707–17712
Sibly RM, Calow P (1986) Physiological ecology of animals. Blackwell Scientific Publications
Sinervo B (1990) Evolution of thermal physiology and growth rate between populations of the
western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis). Oecologia 83:228–237
Sinervo B, Doughty P, Huey RB, Zamudio K (1992) Allometric engineering: a causal analysis of
natural selection on offspring size. Science 258:1927
Smith MH, McGinnis JT (1968) Relationships of latitude, altitude, and body size to litter size and
mean annual production of offspring in Peromyscus. Res Popul Ecol 10:115–126
Snell-Rood E, Badyaev AV (2008) Ecological gradient of sexual selection: elevation and song
elaboration in finches. Oecologia 157:545–551
Stearns SC (1976) Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Q Rev Biol 51:3–47
Stearns SC (1992) The evolution of life histories, vol 249. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Stenström A (1999) Sexual reproductive ecology of Carex bigelowii, an arctic-alpine sedge.
Ecography 22:305–313
Stenström A, Jónsdóttir IS (2006) Effects of simulated climate change on phenology and life
history traits in Carex bigelowii. Nord J Bot 24:355–371
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
281
Pluess AR, Stöcklin J (2004) Population genetic diversity of the clonal plant Geum reptans
(Rosaceae) in the Swiss Alps. Am J Bot 91:2013–2021
Pluess AR, Schutz W, Stöcklin J (2005) Seed weight increases with elevation in the Swiss Alps
between related species but not among populations of individual species. Oecologia 144:55–61
Pollux BJA, Pires MN, Banet AI, Reznick DN (2009) Evolution of placentas in the fish family
Poeciliidae: an empirical study of macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 40:271–289
Qi W, Guo S, Chen X, Cornelissen JHC, Bu H, Du G, Cui X, Li W, Liu K (2014) Disentangling
ecological, allometric and evolutionary determinants of the relationship between seed mass and
elevation: insights from multiple analyses of 1355 angiosperm species on the Eastern Tibetan
Plateau. Oikos 123:23–32
Reisch C, Schurm S, Poschlod P (2007) Spatial genetic structure and clonal diversity in an alpine
population of Salix herbacea (Salicaceae). Ann Bot 99:647–651
Reznick D (1985) Cost of reproduction: an evaluation of the empirical evidence. Oikos
44:257–267
Ricklefs RE, Wikelski M (2002) The physiology/life-history nexus. Trends Ecol Evol 17:462–468
Rolland C (2003) Spatial and seasonal variations of air temperature lapse rates in Alpine regions.
J Climate 16:1032–1046
Rourke BC (2000) Geographic and altitudinal variation in water balance and metabolic rate in a
California grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. J Exp Biol 203:2699–2712
Sæther BE, Bakke Ø (2000) Avian life history variation and contribution of demographic traits to
the population growth rate. Ecology 81:642–653
Sakai A, Larcher W (1987) Frost survival of plants responses and adaptation to freezing stress.
Springer, Berlin
Sarapult’tsev IE (2001) The phenomenon of pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane
Grasses (Deschampsia Beauv., Festuca L., and Poa L.). Russ J Ecol 32:170–178
Scherff EJ, Galen C, Stanton ML (1994) Seed dispersal, seedling survival and habitat affinity in a
snowbed plant: limits to the distribution of the snow buttercup, Ranunculus adoneus. Oikos
3:405–413
Schmidt-Nielsen K (1997) Animal physiology: adaptation and environment. Cambridge
University Press
Schmoller R (1970) Life histories of alpine tundra Arachnida in Colorado. Am Midl Nat 83:119–133
Schulze ED, Chapin FS III (1987) Plant specialization to environments of different resource
availability. Potentials and limitations of ecosystem analysis. Springer, Berlin, pp 120–148
Sears MW, Angilletta MJ Jr (2003) Life history variation in the sagebrush lizard: phenotypic
plasticity or local adaptation? Ecology 84:1624–1634
Shine R (2005) Life-history evolution in reptiles. Annu Rev Ecol Evol S:23–46
Sibly RM, Brown JH (2007) Effects of body size and lifestyle on evolution of mammal life
histories. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:17707–17712
Sibly RM, Calow P (1986) Physiological ecology of animals. Blackwell Scientific Publications
Sinervo B (1990) Evolution of thermal physiology and growth rate between populations of the
western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis). Oecologia 83:228–237
Sinervo B, Doughty P, Huey RB, Zamudio K (1992) Allometric engineering: a causal analysis of
natural selection on offspring size. Science 258:1927
Smith MH, McGinnis JT (1968) Relationships of latitude, altitude, and body size to litter size and
mean annual production of offspring in Peromyscus. Res Popul Ecol 10:115–126
Snell-Rood E, Badyaev AV (2008) Ecological gradient of sexual selection: elevation and song
elaboration in finches. Oecologia 157:545–551
Stearns SC (1976) Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Q Rev Biol 51:3–47
Stearns SC (1992) The evolution of life histories, vol 249. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Stenström A (1999) Sexual reproductive ecology of Carex bigelowii, an arctic-alpine sedge.
Ecography 22:305–313
Stenström A, Jónsdóttir IS (2006) Effects of simulated climate change on phenology and life
history traits in Carex bigelowii. Nord J Bot 24:355–371
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
281