Jiménez-Alfaro B, Marcenó C, Bueno A, Gavilán R, Obeso JR (2014) Biogeographic
deconstruction of alpine plant communities along altitudinal and topographic gradients.
J Veg Sci 25:160–171
Jolls CL, Bock JH (1983) Seedling density and mortality patterns among elevations in Sedum
lanceolatum. Arct Alp Res 1:119–126
Jónsdóttir IS (1995) Importance of sexual reproduction in arctic clonal plants and their
evolutionary potential. In: Callaghan TV, Oechel WC, Gilmanow T, Molau U, Maxwell B,
Tyson M, Sveinbjörnsson B, Holten JI (eds) Global change and arctic terrestrial ecosystems.
European Commission, Luxemburg, pp 81–88
Jónsdóttir IS (2011) Diversity of plant life histories in the Arctic. Preslia 83:281–300
Kawecki TJ, Ebert D (2004) Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecol Lett 7:1225–1241
Kennedy BM, Peterson DP, Fausch KD (2003) Different life histories of brook trout populations
invading mid-elevation and high-elevation cutthroat trout streams in Colorado. West N Am
Naturalist 63:215–223
Kim E, Donohue K (2011) Demographic, developmental and life-history variation across altitude
in Erysimum capitatum. J Ecol 99:1237–1249
Kim E, Donohue K (2013) Local adaptation and plasticity of Erysimum capitatum to altitude: its
implications for responses to climate change. J Ecol 101:796–805
Kitajima K, Fenner M (2000) Ecology of seedling regeneration. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: the ecology
of regeneration in plant communities. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 331–359
Kleiman DG, Malcolm JR (1981) The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. Parental
care in mammals. Springer, US, pp 347–387
Klimes L, Klimesova J, Hendriks R, van Groenendael J (1997) Clonal plant architecture: a
comparative analysis of form and function. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J (eds) The
ecology and evolution of clonal plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp 1–29
Körner C (2003) Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems.
Springer, Berlin
Körner C (2007) The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22:569–574
Krementz DG, Handford P (1984) Does avian clutch size increase with altitude? Oikos 256–259
Laiolo P, Obeso JR (2015) Plastic responses to temperature vs. local adaptation at the cold extreme
of the climate gradient. Evol Biol 42:473–482
Laiolo P, Illera JC, Obeso JR (2013) Local climate determines intra- and interspecific variation in
sexual size dimorphism in mountain grasshopper communities. J Evol Biol 26:2171–2183
Laiolo P, Illera JC, Meléndez L, Segura A, Obeso JR (2015a) Abiotic, biotic and evolutionary
control of the distribution of C and N isotopes in food webs. Am Nat 185:169–182
Laiolo P, Seoane J, Illera JC, Bastianelli G, Carrascal LM, Obeso JR (2015b) The evolutionary
convergence of avian lifestyles and their constrained coevolution with species’ ecological
niche. Proc R Soc B 282:20151808
Larigauderie A, Körner C (1995) Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and
lowland plant species. Ann Bot 76:245–252
Laugen AT, Laurila A, Räsänen K, Merilä J (2003) Latitudinal countergradient variation in the
common frog (Rana temporaria) development rates–evidence for local adaptation. J Evol Biol
16:996–1005
Lawton JH (1993) Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 8:409–413
Lee JA, Harmer R (1980) Vivipary, a reproductive strategy in response to environmental stress?
Oikos 35:254–265
Leimu R, Fischer M (2008) A meta-analysis of local adaptation in plants. PLoS ONE 3(12):
e4010–e4010
Leiser SF, Begun A, Kaeberlein M (2011) HIF-1 modulates longevity and healthspan in a
temperature-dependent manner. Aging Cell 10:318–326
Liao WB, Lu X, Jehle R (2014) Altitudinal variation in maternal investment and trade-offs
between egg size and clutch size in the Andrew’s toad. J Zool 293:84–91
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
279
deconstruction of alpine plant communities along altitudinal and topographic gradients.
J Veg Sci 25:160–171
Jolls CL, Bock JH (1983) Seedling density and mortality patterns among elevations in Sedum
lanceolatum. Arct Alp Res 1:119–126
Jónsdóttir IS (1995) Importance of sexual reproduction in arctic clonal plants and their
evolutionary potential. In: Callaghan TV, Oechel WC, Gilmanow T, Molau U, Maxwell B,
Tyson M, Sveinbjörnsson B, Holten JI (eds) Global change and arctic terrestrial ecosystems.
European Commission, Luxemburg, pp 81–88
Jónsdóttir IS (2011) Diversity of plant life histories in the Arctic. Preslia 83:281–300
Kawecki TJ, Ebert D (2004) Conceptual issues in local adaptation. Ecol Lett 7:1225–1241
Kennedy BM, Peterson DP, Fausch KD (2003) Different life histories of brook trout populations
invading mid-elevation and high-elevation cutthroat trout streams in Colorado. West N Am
Naturalist 63:215–223
Kim E, Donohue K (2011) Demographic, developmental and life-history variation across altitude
in Erysimum capitatum. J Ecol 99:1237–1249
Kim E, Donohue K (2013) Local adaptation and plasticity of Erysimum capitatum to altitude: its
implications for responses to climate change. J Ecol 101:796–805
Kitajima K, Fenner M (2000) Ecology of seedling regeneration. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: the ecology
of regeneration in plant communities. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 331–359
Kleiman DG, Malcolm JR (1981) The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. Parental
care in mammals. Springer, US, pp 347–387
Klimes L, Klimesova J, Hendriks R, van Groenendael J (1997) Clonal plant architecture: a
comparative analysis of form and function. In: de Kroon H, van Groenendael J (eds) The
ecology and evolution of clonal plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp 1–29
Körner C (2003) Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems.
Springer, Berlin
Körner C (2007) The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends Ecol Evol 22:569–574
Krementz DG, Handford P (1984) Does avian clutch size increase with altitude? Oikos 256–259
Laiolo P, Obeso JR (2015) Plastic responses to temperature vs. local adaptation at the cold extreme
of the climate gradient. Evol Biol 42:473–482
Laiolo P, Illera JC, Obeso JR (2013) Local climate determines intra- and interspecific variation in
sexual size dimorphism in mountain grasshopper communities. J Evol Biol 26:2171–2183
Laiolo P, Illera JC, Meléndez L, Segura A, Obeso JR (2015a) Abiotic, biotic and evolutionary
control of the distribution of C and N isotopes in food webs. Am Nat 185:169–182
Laiolo P, Seoane J, Illera JC, Bastianelli G, Carrascal LM, Obeso JR (2015b) The evolutionary
convergence of avian lifestyles and their constrained coevolution with species’ ecological
niche. Proc R Soc B 282:20151808
Larigauderie A, Körner C (1995) Acclimation of leaf dark respiration to temperature in alpine and
lowland plant species. Ann Bot 76:245–252
Laugen AT, Laurila A, Räsänen K, Merilä J (2003) Latitudinal countergradient variation in the
common frog (Rana temporaria) development rates–evidence for local adaptation. J Evol Biol
16:996–1005
Lawton JH (1993) Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 8:409–413
Lee JA, Harmer R (1980) Vivipary, a reproductive strategy in response to environmental stress?
Oikos 35:254–265
Leimu R, Fischer M (2008) A meta-analysis of local adaptation in plants. PLoS ONE 3(12):
e4010–e4010
Leiser SF, Begun A, Kaeberlein M (2011) HIF-1 modulates longevity and healthspan in a
temperature-dependent manner. Aging Cell 10:318–326
Liao WB, Lu X, Jehle R (2014) Altitudinal variation in maternal investment and trade-offs
between egg size and clutch size in the Andrew’s toad. J Zool 293:84–91
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
279