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Conover DO, Present TM (1990) Countergradient variation in growth rate: compensation for
length of the growing season among Atlantic silversides from different latitudes. Oecologia
83:316–324
Conover DO, Schultz ET (1995) Phenotypic similarity and the evolutionary significance of
countergradient variation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:248–252
Cox RM, Parker EU, Cheney DM, Liebl AL, Martin B, Calsbeek R (2010) Experimental evidence
for physiological costs underlying the trade-off between reproduction and survival. Funct Ecol
24:1262–1269
Davis MB, Shaw RG (2001) Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change.
Science 292:673–679
Day TA, Ruhland CT, Grobe CW, Xiong F (1999) Growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular
plants in response to warming and UV radiation reductions in the field. Oecologia 119:24–35
de Witte LC, Stöcklin J (2010) Longevity of clonal plants: why it matters and how to measure it.
Ann Bot 106:859–870
DeWitt TJ, Sih A, Wilson DS (1998) Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. Trends Ecol Evol
13:77–81
Diggle PK, Lower S, Ranker TA (1998) Clonal diversity in alpine populations of Polygonum
viviparum (Polygonaceae). Int J Plant Sci 159:606–615
Dingle H, Mousseau TA, Scott SM (1990) Altitudinal variation in life cycle syndromes
of California populations of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). Oecologia
84:199–206
Doak DF, Morris WF (2010) Demographic compensation and tipping points in climate-induced
range shifts. Nature 467:959–996
Dobson FS, Murie JO (1987) Interpretation of intraspecific life history patterns: evidence from
Columbian ground squirrels. Am Nat 129:382–397
Dorman CF, Woodin SJ (2002) Climate change in the Arctic: using plant functional types in a
meta-analyzes of field experiments. Funct Ecol 16:4–17
Dunmire WW (1960) An altitudinal survey of reproduction in Peromyscus maniculatus. Ecology
41:174–182
Duyck PF, Kouloussis N, Papadopoulos N, Quilici S, Wang JL, Jiang CR, Müller HG, Carey JR
(2010) Lifespan of a Ceratitis fruit fly increases with higher altitude. Biol J Linn Soc
101:345–350
Elmqvist T, Cox PA (1996) The evolution of vivipary in flowering plants. Oikos 1:3–9
Emery RJN, Chinnappa CC, Chmielewski JG (1994) Specialization, plant strategies, and
phenotypic plasticity in populations of Stellaria longipes along an elevational gradient. Int J
Plant Sci 155:203–219
Enquist BJ, West GB, Charnov EL, Brown JH (1999) Allometric scaling of production and
life-history variation in vascular plants. Nature 401:907–911
Eriksson O (1997) Clonal life histories and the evolution of seed recruitment. In: de Kroon H, van
Groenendael J (eds) The ecology and evolution of clonal plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leyden,
pp 221–226
Erschbamer B (2007) Winners and losers of climate change in a central alpine glacier foreland.
Arct Antarct Alp Res 39:237–244
Esperk T, Tammaru T, Nylin S (2007) Intraspecific variability in number of larval instars in
insects. J Econ Entomol 100:627–645
Fajardo A, McIntire EJB (2011) Under strong niche overlap conspecifics do not compete but help
each other to survive: facilitation at the intraspecific level. J Ecol 99:642–650
Festa-Bianchet M, Urquhart M, Smith KG (1994) Mountain goat recruitment: kid production and
survival to breeding age. Can J Zool 72:22–27
Fischer K, Karl I (2010) Exploring plastic and genetic responses to temperature variation using
copper butterflies. Clim Res 43:17–30
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
277
Conover DO, Present TM (1990) Countergradient variation in growth rate: compensation for
length of the growing season among Atlantic silversides from different latitudes. Oecologia
83:316–324
Conover DO, Schultz ET (1995) Phenotypic similarity and the evolutionary significance of
countergradient variation. Trends Ecol Evol 10:248–252
Cox RM, Parker EU, Cheney DM, Liebl AL, Martin B, Calsbeek R (2010) Experimental evidence
for physiological costs underlying the trade-off between reproduction and survival. Funct Ecol
24:1262–1269
Davis MB, Shaw RG (2001) Range shifts and adaptive responses to Quaternary climate change.
Science 292:673–679
Day TA, Ruhland CT, Grobe CW, Xiong F (1999) Growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular
plants in response to warming and UV radiation reductions in the field. Oecologia 119:24–35
de Witte LC, Stöcklin J (2010) Longevity of clonal plants: why it matters and how to measure it.
Ann Bot 106:859–870
DeWitt TJ, Sih A, Wilson DS (1998) Costs and limits of phenotypic plasticity. Trends Ecol Evol
13:77–81
Diggle PK, Lower S, Ranker TA (1998) Clonal diversity in alpine populations of Polygonum
viviparum (Polygonaceae). Int J Plant Sci 159:606–615
Dingle H, Mousseau TA, Scott SM (1990) Altitudinal variation in life cycle syndromes
of California populations of the grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.). Oecologia
84:199–206
Doak DF, Morris WF (2010) Demographic compensation and tipping points in climate-induced
range shifts. Nature 467:959–996
Dobson FS, Murie JO (1987) Interpretation of intraspecific life history patterns: evidence from
Columbian ground squirrels. Am Nat 129:382–397
Dorman CF, Woodin SJ (2002) Climate change in the Arctic: using plant functional types in a
meta-analyzes of field experiments. Funct Ecol 16:4–17
Dunmire WW (1960) An altitudinal survey of reproduction in Peromyscus maniculatus. Ecology
41:174–182
Duyck PF, Kouloussis N, Papadopoulos N, Quilici S, Wang JL, Jiang CR, Müller HG, Carey JR
(2010) Lifespan of a Ceratitis fruit fly increases with higher altitude. Biol J Linn Soc
101:345–350
Elmqvist T, Cox PA (1996) The evolution of vivipary in flowering plants. Oikos 1:3–9
Emery RJN, Chinnappa CC, Chmielewski JG (1994) Specialization, plant strategies, and
phenotypic plasticity in populations of Stellaria longipes along an elevational gradient. Int J
Plant Sci 155:203–219
Enquist BJ, West GB, Charnov EL, Brown JH (1999) Allometric scaling of production and
life-history variation in vascular plants. Nature 401:907–911
Eriksson O (1997) Clonal life histories and the evolution of seed recruitment. In: de Kroon H, van
Groenendael J (eds) The ecology and evolution of clonal plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leyden,
pp 221–226
Erschbamer B (2007) Winners and losers of climate change in a central alpine glacier foreland.
Arct Antarct Alp Res 39:237–244
Esperk T, Tammaru T, Nylin S (2007) Intraspecific variability in number of larval instars in
insects. J Econ Entomol 100:627–645
Fajardo A, McIntire EJB (2011) Under strong niche overlap conspecifics do not compete but help
each other to survive: facilitation at the intraspecific level. J Ecol 99:642–650
Festa-Bianchet M, Urquhart M, Smith KG (1994) Mountain goat recruitment: kid production and
survival to breeding age. Can J Zool 72:22–27
Fischer K, Karl I (2010) Exploring plastic and genetic responses to temperature variation using
copper butterflies. Clim Res 43:17–30
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
277