Bears H, Martin K, White GC (2009) Breeding in high-elevation habitat results in shift to slower
life-history strategy within a single species. J Anim Ecol 78:365–375
Berner D, Körner C, Blanckenhorn WU (2004) Grasshopper populations across 2000 m of
altitude: is there life history adaptation? Ecography 27:733–740
Berven KA (1982) The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood frog Rana sylvatica. I. An
experimental analysis of life history traits. Evolution 36:962–983
Berven KA, Gill DE (1983) Interpreting geographic variation in life-history traits. Am Zool
23:85–97
Berven KA, Gill DE, Smith-Gill SJ (1979) Counter gradient selection in the green frog, Rana
clamitans. Evolution 33:609–623
Beverton RJ (1987) Longevity in fish: some ecological and evolutionary considerations. Evolution
of longevity in animals. Springer, New York, pp 161–185
Bielby J, Mace GM, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Cardillo M, Gittleman JL, Jones KE, Purvis A (2007)
The fast-slow continuum in mammalian life history: an empirical reevaluation. Am Nat
169:748–757
Blanckenhorn WU (1997) Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga
stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea. Oecologia 109:342–352
Blionis GJ, Vokou D (2005) Reproductive attributes of Campanula populations from Mt Olympos,
Greece. Plant Ecol 178:77–88
Bliss LC (1971) Arctic and alpine plant life cycles. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 2:405–438
Boersma PD (1982) Why some birds take so long to hatch. Am Nat 120:733–750
Both C, Visser ME (2005) The effect of climate change on the correlation between avian
life-history traits. Glob Change Biol 11:1606–1613
Boyle WA (2008) Can variation in risk of nest predation explain altitudinal migration in tropical
birds? Oecologia 155:397–403
Boyle WA, Sandercock BK, Martin K (2015) Patterns and drivers of intraspecific variation
in avian life history along elevational gradients: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev. doi:10.1111/
brv.12180
Braña F, Bea A, Arrayago MJ (1991) Egg retention in lacertid lizards: relationships with
reproductive ecology and the evolution of viviparity. Herpetologica 47:218–226
Bronson FH (1989) Mammalian reproductive biology. University of Chicago Press
Bronson MT (1979) Altitudinal variation in the life history of the golden-mantled ground squirrel
(Spermophilus lateralis). Ecology 60:272–279
Brooker RW (2006) Plant–plant interactions and environmental change. New Phytol 171:271–284
Bu HY, Chen XL, Xu XL, Liu K, Jia P, Du GZ (2007) Seed mass and germination in an alpine
meadow on the eastern Tsinghai-Tibet plateau. Plant Ecol 191:127–149
Burton OJ, Phillips BL, Travis JM (2010) Trade-offs and the evolution of life-histories during
range expansion. Ecol Lett 13:1210–1220
Byars SG, Papst W, Hoffmann AA (2007) Local adaptation and cogradient selection in the alpine
plant, Poa hiemata, along a narrow altitudinal gradient. Evolution 61:2925–2941
Callaghan TV (1984) Growth and translocation in a clonal southern hemisphere sedge: Uncinia
meridensis. J Ecol 72:529–546
Callaghan TV, Emanuelsson U (1985) Population structure and processes of tundra plants and
vegetation. In: White J (ed) The population structure of vegetation. Junk Publishing, Dordrecht,
pp 399–439
Callaway RM et al (2002) Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature
417:844–848
Chambers JC, MacMahon JA, Brown RW (1990) Alpine seedling establishment: the influence of
disturbance type. Ecology 1:1323–1341
Chown SL, Klok CJ (2003) Altitudinal body size clines: latitudinal effects associated with
changing seasonality. Ecography 26:445–455
Clark DA, Clark DB (1992) Life history diversity of canopy and emergent trees in a neotropical
rain forest. Ecol Monogr 62:315–344
276
P. Laiolo and J.R. Obeso
life-history strategy within a single species. J Anim Ecol 78:365–375
Berner D, Körner C, Blanckenhorn WU (2004) Grasshopper populations across 2000 m of
altitude: is there life history adaptation? Ecography 27:733–740
Berven KA (1982) The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood frog Rana sylvatica. I. An
experimental analysis of life history traits. Evolution 36:962–983
Berven KA, Gill DE (1983) Interpreting geographic variation in life-history traits. Am Zool
23:85–97
Berven KA, Gill DE, Smith-Gill SJ (1979) Counter gradient selection in the green frog, Rana
clamitans. Evolution 33:609–623
Beverton RJ (1987) Longevity in fish: some ecological and evolutionary considerations. Evolution
of longevity in animals. Springer, New York, pp 161–185
Bielby J, Mace GM, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Cardillo M, Gittleman JL, Jones KE, Purvis A (2007)
The fast-slow continuum in mammalian life history: an empirical reevaluation. Am Nat
169:748–757
Blanckenhorn WU (1997) Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga
stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea. Oecologia 109:342–352
Blionis GJ, Vokou D (2005) Reproductive attributes of Campanula populations from Mt Olympos,
Greece. Plant Ecol 178:77–88
Bliss LC (1971) Arctic and alpine plant life cycles. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 2:405–438
Boersma PD (1982) Why some birds take so long to hatch. Am Nat 120:733–750
Both C, Visser ME (2005) The effect of climate change on the correlation between avian
life-history traits. Glob Change Biol 11:1606–1613
Boyle WA (2008) Can variation in risk of nest predation explain altitudinal migration in tropical
birds? Oecologia 155:397–403
Boyle WA, Sandercock BK, Martin K (2015) Patterns and drivers of intraspecific variation
in avian life history along elevational gradients: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev. doi:10.1111/
brv.12180
Braña F, Bea A, Arrayago MJ (1991) Egg retention in lacertid lizards: relationships with
reproductive ecology and the evolution of viviparity. Herpetologica 47:218–226
Bronson FH (1989) Mammalian reproductive biology. University of Chicago Press
Bronson MT (1979) Altitudinal variation in the life history of the golden-mantled ground squirrel
(Spermophilus lateralis). Ecology 60:272–279
Brooker RW (2006) Plant–plant interactions and environmental change. New Phytol 171:271–284
Bu HY, Chen XL, Xu XL, Liu K, Jia P, Du GZ (2007) Seed mass and germination in an alpine
meadow on the eastern Tsinghai-Tibet plateau. Plant Ecol 191:127–149
Burton OJ, Phillips BL, Travis JM (2010) Trade-offs and the evolution of life-histories during
range expansion. Ecol Lett 13:1210–1220
Byars SG, Papst W, Hoffmann AA (2007) Local adaptation and cogradient selection in the alpine
plant, Poa hiemata, along a narrow altitudinal gradient. Evolution 61:2925–2941
Callaghan TV (1984) Growth and translocation in a clonal southern hemisphere sedge: Uncinia
meridensis. J Ecol 72:529–546
Callaghan TV, Emanuelsson U (1985) Population structure and processes of tundra plants and
vegetation. In: White J (ed) The population structure of vegetation. Junk Publishing, Dordrecht,
pp 399–439
Callaway RM et al (2002) Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature
417:844–848
Chambers JC, MacMahon JA, Brown RW (1990) Alpine seedling establishment: the influence of
disturbance type. Ecology 1:1323–1341
Chown SL, Klok CJ (2003) Altitudinal body size clines: latitudinal effects associated with
changing seasonality. Ecography 26:445–455
Clark DA, Clark DB (1992) Life history diversity of canopy and emergent trees in a neotropical
rain forest. Ecol Monogr 62:315–344
276
P. Laiolo and J.R. Obeso