Allainé D, Theuriau F (2004) Is there an optimal number of helpers in alpine marmot family
groups? Behav Ecol 15:916–924
Altwegg R, Reyer H-U (2003) Patterns of natural selection on size at metamorphosis in water
frogs. Evolution 57:872–882
Angert AL, Schemske DW (2005) The evolution of species’ distributions: reciprocal transplants
across the elevation ranges of Mimulus cardinalis and M. lewisii. Evolution 59:1671–1684
Angilletta MJ, Steury TD, Sears MW (2004) Temperature, growth rate, and body size in
ectotherms: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle. Integr Comp Biol 44:498–509
Angilletta MJ, Cooper BS, Schuler MS, Boyles JG (2010) The evolution of thermal physiology in
endotherms. Front Biosci 2:861–881
Apfelbeck B, Goymann W (2011) Ignoring the challenge? Male black redstarts (Phoenicurus
ochruros) do not increase testosterone levels during territorial conflicts but they do so in
response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Proc R Soc Lond B 278:3233–3242
Arft AM et al (1999) Response patterns of tundra plant species to experimental warming: a
meta-analysis of the International Tundra Experiment. Ecol Monogr 16:491–511
Armstrong DP, Westoby M (1993) Seedlings from large seeds tolerated defoliation better: a test
using phylogeneticaly independent contrasts. Ecology 74:1092–1100
Arnold W (1988) Social thermoregulation during hibernation in alpine marmots (Marmota
marmota). J Comp Physiol B 158:151–156
Arnold W (1993) Social evolution in marmots and the adaptive value of joint hibernation. Verh
Dtsch Zool Ges 86:79–93
Arrieta S, Suarez F (2006) Marginal holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) populations in Mediterranean
central Spain are constrained by a low-seedling recruitment. Flora 201:152–160
Arx GV, Edwards PJ, Dietz H (2006) Evidence for life history changes in high-altitude
populations of three perennial forbs. Ecology 87:665–674
Atkinson D (1996) Ectotherm life history responses to developmental temperature.
In: Johnston IA, Bennett AF (eds) Animals and temperature: phenotypic and evolutionary
adaptation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 183–204
Atkinson D, Sibly RM (1996) On the solution to a major life history puzzle. Oikos 77:359–364
Austerlitz F, Mariette S, Machon N, Gouyon PH, Godelle B (2000) Effects of colonization
processes on genetic diversity: differences between annual plants and tree species. Genetics
154:1309–1321
Badyaev AV (1997a) Avian life history variation along altitudinal gradients: an example with
cardueline finches. Oecologia 111:365–374
Badyaev AV (1997b) Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism: a new pattern and alternative
hypotheses. Behav Ecol 8:675–690
Badyaev A, Ghalambor CK (2001) Avian life-history strategies in relation to elevation: evidence
for a trade-off between fecundity and parental care. Ecology 82:2948–2960
Baker G (1972) Seed weight in relation to environmental conditions in California. Ecology
53:997–1010
Barash DP (1975) Ecology of paternal behavior in the hoary marmot (Marmota caligata): an
evolutionary interpretation. J Mammal 56:613–618
Barrett RT, Hollister RD, Oberbauer SF, Tweedie CE (2015) Arctic plant responses to changing
abiotic factors in northern Alaska. Am J Bot 102:2020–2031
Barry RG, Chorley RJ (1987) Atmosphere, weather and climate, 5th edn. Routledge, 448 pp
Bastianelli G, Seoane J, Álvarez-Blanco P, Laiolo P (2015) The intensity of male-male interactions
declines in highland songbird populations. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 69:1493–1500
Bastianelli G, Tavecchia G, Meléndez L, Seoane J, Obeso JR, Laiolo P (2017) Surviving at high
elevations: an inter- and intraspecific analysis in a mountain bird community. Oecologia
doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3852-1
Bauk K, Pérez-Sánchez R, Zeballos SR, Las Peñas ML, Flores J, Gurvich DE (2015) Are seed
mass and seedling size and shape related to altitude? Evidence in Gymnocalycium monvillei
(Cactaceae). Botany 93:529–533
Bauwens D, Díaz-Uriarte R (1997) Covariation of life-history traits in lacertid lizards: a
comparative study. Am Nat 149:91–111
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
275
groups? Behav Ecol 15:916–924
Altwegg R, Reyer H-U (2003) Patterns of natural selection on size at metamorphosis in water
frogs. Evolution 57:872–882
Angert AL, Schemske DW (2005) The evolution of species’ distributions: reciprocal transplants
across the elevation ranges of Mimulus cardinalis and M. lewisii. Evolution 59:1671–1684
Angilletta MJ, Steury TD, Sears MW (2004) Temperature, growth rate, and body size in
ectotherms: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle. Integr Comp Biol 44:498–509
Angilletta MJ, Cooper BS, Schuler MS, Boyles JG (2010) The evolution of thermal physiology in
endotherms. Front Biosci 2:861–881
Apfelbeck B, Goymann W (2011) Ignoring the challenge? Male black redstarts (Phoenicurus
ochruros) do not increase testosterone levels during territorial conflicts but they do so in
response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Proc R Soc Lond B 278:3233–3242
Arft AM et al (1999) Response patterns of tundra plant species to experimental warming: a
meta-analysis of the International Tundra Experiment. Ecol Monogr 16:491–511
Armstrong DP, Westoby M (1993) Seedlings from large seeds tolerated defoliation better: a test
using phylogeneticaly independent contrasts. Ecology 74:1092–1100
Arnold W (1988) Social thermoregulation during hibernation in alpine marmots (Marmota
marmota). J Comp Physiol B 158:151–156
Arnold W (1993) Social evolution in marmots and the adaptive value of joint hibernation. Verh
Dtsch Zool Ges 86:79–93
Arrieta S, Suarez F (2006) Marginal holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) populations in Mediterranean
central Spain are constrained by a low-seedling recruitment. Flora 201:152–160
Arx GV, Edwards PJ, Dietz H (2006) Evidence for life history changes in high-altitude
populations of three perennial forbs. Ecology 87:665–674
Atkinson D (1996) Ectotherm life history responses to developmental temperature.
In: Johnston IA, Bennett AF (eds) Animals and temperature: phenotypic and evolutionary
adaptation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 183–204
Atkinson D, Sibly RM (1996) On the solution to a major life history puzzle. Oikos 77:359–364
Austerlitz F, Mariette S, Machon N, Gouyon PH, Godelle B (2000) Effects of colonization
processes on genetic diversity: differences between annual plants and tree species. Genetics
154:1309–1321
Badyaev AV (1997a) Avian life history variation along altitudinal gradients: an example with
cardueline finches. Oecologia 111:365–374
Badyaev AV (1997b) Altitudinal variation in sexual dimorphism: a new pattern and alternative
hypotheses. Behav Ecol 8:675–690
Badyaev A, Ghalambor CK (2001) Avian life-history strategies in relation to elevation: evidence
for a trade-off between fecundity and parental care. Ecology 82:2948–2960
Baker G (1972) Seed weight in relation to environmental conditions in California. Ecology
53:997–1010
Barash DP (1975) Ecology of paternal behavior in the hoary marmot (Marmota caligata): an
evolutionary interpretation. J Mammal 56:613–618
Barrett RT, Hollister RD, Oberbauer SF, Tweedie CE (2015) Arctic plant responses to changing
abiotic factors in northern Alaska. Am J Bot 102:2020–2031
Barry RG, Chorley RJ (1987) Atmosphere, weather and climate, 5th edn. Routledge, 448 pp
Bastianelli G, Seoane J, Álvarez-Blanco P, Laiolo P (2015) The intensity of male-male interactions
declines in highland songbird populations. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 69:1493–1500
Bastianelli G, Tavecchia G, Meléndez L, Seoane J, Obeso JR, Laiolo P (2017) Surviving at high
elevations: an inter- and intraspecific analysis in a mountain bird community. Oecologia
doi:10.1007/s00442-017-3852-1
Bauk K, Pérez-Sánchez R, Zeballos SR, Las Peñas ML, Flores J, Gurvich DE (2015) Are seed
mass and seedling size and shape related to altitude? Evidence in Gymnocalycium monvillei
(Cactaceae). Botany 93:529–533
Bauwens D, Díaz-Uriarte R (1997) Covariation of life-history traits in lacertid lizards: a
comparative study. Am Nat 149:91–111
11 Life-History Responses to the Altitudinal Gradient
275