References Country, city Aim
HEALTH
Study design
Green space metrics
and buffer
Confounder
Main results
Calogiuri
et al. (2016)
Norway,
country scale
Examination of
green exercise as a
physical activity
across social groups.
Physical activity Questionnaire
survey (2168),
reported weekly
green exercise
and other forms
of physical
activity, specific
forms of GE, and
perceived factors
that promote GE
Green exercise
(=physical activity
taking place in
natural
environments), no
buffer used
Income, education,
sex, age
Green exercise was
represented among the elderly.
No associations were
identified to sex, centrality,
education level or
household income
Cohen-Cline
et al. (2015)
U.S.,
Washington
Assessment of the
association between
green space access
and self-reported
depression, stress
and anxiety in
between twin pairs.
Mental health
(self-reported
depression,
stress and
anxiety)
Multi-level
random intercept
model of
same-sex twin
pairs (4338
individuals) from
the communitybased University
of Washington
Twin Registry
NDVI based, no
buffer used
Income,
neighborhood
deprivation, sex,
age, ethnicity,
population density,
physical activity
Only the association between
green space and depression was
significant in fully adjusted
models. Association between
green space and stress became
non-significant when adjusted
for confounders
Cusack et al.
(2017)
U.S.,
Portland and
Austin
Identification of a
relationship between
multiple urban green
space metrics and
associations with
term birth weight.
Birth outcome
(term birth
weight)
Vital Statistics
data for a birth
cohort (2005–
2009).
Correlation
between green
space metrics and
mixed models
NDVI, % tree cover,
% green space, %
street tree buffering
and access to parks
(using US EPA
EnviroAtlas Data),
multiple buffer
distances: 50 m,
250 m, 300 m,
500 m, 1000 m
Education, income,
age, sex, ethnicity,
population density
In fully adjusted significant
associations disappeared.
Maternal race, ethnicity and
education as confounders were
mostly reducing green space
and birth weight associations
(continued)
HEALTH
Study design
Green space metrics
and buffer
Confounder
Main results
Calogiuri
et al. (2016)
Norway,
country scale
Examination of
green exercise as a
physical activity
across social groups.
Physical activity Questionnaire
survey (2168),
reported weekly
green exercise
and other forms
of physical
activity, specific
forms of GE, and
perceived factors
that promote GE
Green exercise
(=physical activity
taking place in
natural
environments), no
buffer used
Income, education,
sex, age
Green exercise was
represented among the elderly.
No associations were
identified to sex, centrality,
education level or
household income
Cohen-Cline
et al. (2015)
U.S.,
Washington
Assessment of the
association between
green space access
and self-reported
depression, stress
and anxiety in
between twin pairs.
Mental health
(self-reported
depression,
stress and
anxiety)
Multi-level
random intercept
model of
same-sex twin
pairs (4338
individuals) from
the communitybased University
of Washington
Twin Registry
NDVI based, no
buffer used
Income,
neighborhood
deprivation, sex,
age, ethnicity,
population density,
physical activity
Only the association between
green space and depression was
significant in fully adjusted
models. Association between
green space and stress became
non-significant when adjusted
for confounders
Cusack et al.
(2017)
U.S.,
Portland and
Austin
Identification of a
relationship between
multiple urban green
space metrics and
associations with
term birth weight.
Birth outcome
(term birth
weight)
Vital Statistics
data for a birth
cohort (2005–
2009).
Correlation
between green
space metrics and
mixed models
NDVI, % tree cover,
% green space, %
street tree buffering
and access to parks
(using US EPA
EnviroAtlas Data),
multiple buffer
distances: 50 m,
250 m, 300 m,
500 m, 1000 m
Education, income,
age, sex, ethnicity,
population density
In fully adjusted significant
associations disappeared.
Maternal race, ethnicity and
education as confounders were
mostly reducing green space
and birth weight associations
(continued)